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14 American Civil War
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The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a separatist
conflict between the United States Federal government (the "Union") and
eleven Southern slave states that declared their secession and formed the
Confederate States of America, led by President Jefferson Davis. The Union,
led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, opposed the
expansion of slavery and rejected any right of secession. Fighting commenced
on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a Federal military
installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
During the first year,
the Union asserted control of
the border states and
established a naval blockade as
both sides raised large armies.
In 1862 large, bloody battles
began, causing massive
casualties as a result of new
weapons and old battlefield
tactics. In September 1862,
Lincoln's Emancipation
Proclamation made the freeing
of the slaves a war goal,
despite opposition from northern
Copperheads who tolerated
secession and slavery.
Emancipation ensured that
Britain and France would not
intervene to help the
Confederacy. In addition, the
goal also allowed the Union to
recruit African-Americans for
reinforcements, a resource that
the Confederacy did not dare
exploit until it was too late.
War Democrats reluctantly
accepted emancipation as part of
total war needed to save the
Union. In the East, Robert
Edward Lee rolled up a series of
Confederate victories over the
Army of the Potomac, but his
best general, Thomas Jonathan
"Stonewall" Jackson, was killed
at the Battle of
Chancellorsville in May 1863.
Lee's invasion of the North was
repulsed at the Battle of
Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in
July 1863;he barely managed to
escape back to Virginia. In the
West, the Union Navy captured
the port of New Orleans in 1862,
and Ulysses S. Grant seized
control of the Mississippi River
by capturing Vicksburg,
Mississippi in July 1863, thus splitting the
Confederacy.
By 1864, long-term Union advantages in geography, manpower, industry,
finance, political organization and transportation were overwhelming the
Confederacy. Grant fought a number of bloody battles with Lee in Virginia in
the summer of 1864. Lee won most of the battles in a tactical sense but on
the whole lost strategically, as he could not replace his casualties and was
forced to retreat into trenches around his capital, Richmond, Virginia.
Meanwhile, William Tecumseh Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia. Sherman's
March to the Sea destroyed a hundred-mile-wide swath of Georgia. In 1865,
the Confederacy collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court
House and the slaves were freed.
The full restoration of the Union
was the work of a highly
contentious postwar era known as
Reconstruction. The war produced
about 970,000 casualties (3% of
the population), including
approximately 620,000 soldier
deaths—two-thirds by disease. The causes of the war, the reasons for its
outcome, and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering
controversy even today. The main results of the war were the restoration and
strengthening of the Union, and the end of slavery in the United States.
List
of Ebooks you get
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Captains of the Civil War; a chronicle of the blue and the gray by
William Wood - Sixty years ago
today the guns that thundered round Fort Sumter began the third and
greatest modern civil war fought by English-speaking people. This war
was quite as full of politics as were the other two--the War of the
American Revolution and that of Puritan and Cavalier. But, though the
present Chronicle never ignores the vital correlations between statesmen
and commanders, it is a book of warriors, through and through.
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Friends, though divided by G. A. Henty -
My dear lads: Although so long a time has elapsed since the great civil
war in England, men are still almost as much divided as they were then
as to the merits of the quarrel, almost as warm partisans of the one
side or the other. Most of you will probably have formed an opinion as
to the rights of the case, either from your own reading, or from hearing
the views of your elders. For my part, I have endeavored to hold the
scales equally, to relate historical facts with absolute accuracy, and
to show how much of right and how much of wrong there was upon either
side. Upon the one hand, the king by his instability, bad faith, and
duplicity alienated his best friends, and drove the Commons to far
greater lengths than they had at first dreamed of. Upon the other hand,
the struggle, begun only to win constitutional rights, ended—owing to
the ambition, fanaticism, and determination to override all rights and
all opinions save their own, of a numerically insignificant minority of
the Commons, backed by the strength of the army—in the establishment of
the most complete despotism England has ever seen. It may no doubt be
considered a failing on my part that one of my heroes has a very undue
preponderance of adventure over the other. This I regret; but after the
scale of victory turned, those on the winning side had little to do or
to suffer, and one's interest is certainly with the hunted fugitive, or
the slave in the Bermudas, rather than with the prosperous and
well-to-do citizen.
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Great
Britain and the American Civil War by Ephraim Douglass Adams -
This work was begun many years ago. In 1908 I read in the
British Museum many newspapers and journals for the years 1860-1865, and
then planned a survey of English public opinion on the American Civil
War. In the succeeding years as a teacher at Stanford University,
California, the published diplomatic correspondence of Great Britain and
of the United States were studied in connection with instruction given
in the field of British-American relations. Several of my students
prepared excellent theses on special topics and these have been
acknowledged where used in this work. Many distractions and other
writing prevented the completion of my original plan; and fortunately,
for when in 1913 I had at last begun this work and had prepared three
chapters, a letter was received from the late Charles Francis Adams
inviting me to collaborate with him in preparing a "Life" of his father,
the Charles Francis Adams who was American Minister to Great Britain
during the Civil War. Mr. Adams had recently returned from England where
he had given at Oxford University a series of lectures on the Civil War
and had been so fortunate as to obtain copies, made under the scholarly
supervision of Mr. Worthington C. Ford, of a great mass of
correspondence from the Foreign Office files in the Public Record Office
and from the private papers in the possession of various families...
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The Education of the Negro
Prior to 1861- This
book is an important contribution to the history of the negro race in
America. Beginning with the efforts of benevolent clergymen to instruct
the first comers from Africa in the rudiments of learning in order to
prepare them for an understanding of the Christian religion, the author
traces throughout the slavery era the slow and uncertain progress of the
negro in the pursuit of the white man's learning. Naturally, progress
was uneven. The author shows how religious conviction, political
philosophy, social prejudice, the development of the plantation system,
abolitionist ardor and the newer slave code in turn had to do not only
with the quantity of instruction that was allowed the negro but also
with the character of it. It is not necessary to follow his story here.
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Heroes of the Great
Conflict; Life and Services of William Farrar by Wilson -
Smith began his Civil War service as colonel of
the 3rd Vermont Infantry. He commanded a division of the VI Corps on the
Peninsula and in the Maryland campaign and was in charge of the VI Corps
at Fredericksburg. He then lost his rank and his corps command by openly
criticizing Butler. After a series of unimportant commands in
Pennsylvania and West Virginia, he ended up in Chattanooga as chief
engineer of the Department of the Cumberland. He made a valuable
contribution to the assault on Missionary Ridge and was reappointed
major general. Grant brought him back east and gave him command of the
XVIII Corps which took part in the bloody repulse at Cold Harbor. Next,
Smith's corps and a division of Colored Troops was ordered to take
Petersburg where he made a fatal hesitation and was relieved of command.
This is a fine biography of an interesting and implacable general
officer who was often at odds with his superiors.
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Historic Papers on the
Causes of the Civil War by Mrs. Eugenia Dunlap Potts - Learn
about the 'real' causes of the Civil War from the viewpoint of a noted
historian that lived through the reign of armed terror by the United
States. Correct in your learning what the war was about before the U.S.
History Revisionists obscured the facts and details. Learn how the
United States destroyed another civilization. The majority of the
records of this illegal aggression against a peaceful people were sealed
for a century. Some still are---- Excerpt: Even when the great hue and cry for freedom led the Northern
Senators to legislate for the cessation of foreign slavery in 1808,
these great philanthropists rushed over some 5,000 slaves to sell to the
South before the limited date could come around. Many prominent rich men
of New England made their money by this traffic, then pulled a long face
of condemnation for the Southern planter, whose money had been paid over
to swell the Northern coffers.
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Memoirs of the
Union's Three Great Civil War Generals -
You will not only get this ebook but
you will be getting the separate memoirs of each
General fully Illustrated editions ebooks
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Military
Reminiscences of the Civil War, Volume 1 & 2 by Jacob Dolson Cox -Reminiscences
of the Civil War (1904), one of the most important Civil War
memoirs, is a first-hand account of the war as seen through the eyes of
a prominent officer who was trusted and admired by many, including
Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis. The narrative begins with Gordon's
election as commander of the "Raccoon Roughs" and his experiences in the
Battle of Manassas. He also gives an account of the South's surrender at
Appomattox, in which he participated. He recounts his role in individual
battles, including Antietam (Sharpsburg), Chancellorsville, Gettysburg,
and Spotsylvania. Throughout, Gordon attempts to provide calculated
assessments of Confederate military mistakes on the battlefield and is
quick to praise the courage and determination of the Union army. The
work provides details that bring the reality of war into focus,
presenting both the courage and horror that accompany such conflicts.
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Stonewall
Jackson and the American Civil War by G. F. R. Henderson -
Before the great Republic of the West had completed a century
of independent national existence, its political fabric was subjected to
the strain of a terrible internecine war. That the true cause of
conflict was the antagonism between the spirit of Federalism and the
theory of “States’ Rights” is very clearly explained in the following
pages, and the author exactly expresses the feeling with which most
Englishmen regard the question of Secession, when he implies that had he
been a New Englander he would have fought to the death to preserve the
Union, while had he been born in Virginia he would have done as much in
defence of a right the South believed inalienable. The war thus brought
about dragged on its weary length from the spring of 1861 to the same
season of 1865. During its progress reputations were made that will live
for ever in American history, and many remarkable men came to the front.
Among these not the least prominent was “Stonewall Jackson,” who to the
renown of a great soldier and unselfish patriot added the brighter fame
of a Christian hero; and to those who would know what manner of man this
Stonewall Jackson was, and why he was so universally revered, so
beloved, so trusted by his men, I can cordially recommend Colonel
Henderson’s delightful volumes. From their perusal I have derived real
pleasure and sound instruction. They have taught me much; they have made
me think still more; and I hope they may do the same for many others in
the British Army.
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The
American Indian as Participant in the Civil War by Annie Heloise Abel -
Indians Of North America--History--Civil War, 1861-1865,
Indians Of North America--Indian Territory--History, United
States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Participation, Indian
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The Guns of Bull Run
by Joseph A. Altsheler - Harry and Arthur stood two days
later upon the sea wall of Charleston. Sumter rose up black and menacing
in the clear wintry air. The muzzles of the cannon seemed to point into
the very heart of the city, and over it, as ever, flew the defiant flag,
the red and blue burning in vivid colors in the thin January sunshine.
The heart of Charleston, that most intense of all Southern cities, had
given forth a great throb.
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The United States
Since the Civil War by Charles Ramsdell Lingley - The
enthusiasm which the independent Republicans were manifesting for
Cleveland was balanced by the hostility of elements within his party. As
Governor he had exercised his veto power with complete disregard for the
effect on his own political future. He had, for example, vetoed a
popular measure reducing fares on the New York City elevated railroad,
basing his objections on the ground that the bill violated the
provisions of the fundamental railroad law of the state. He was opposed
by Tammany Hall, led by John Kelley, who declared that the labor element
disliked him.
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With Lee in Virginia-
a story of the American Civil War by G. A. Henty - This
classic novel about a Southern soldier and an escaped slave he helps
during the Civil War was written during the postbellum period. The style
of prose and the vocabulary make the story's main value (above pure
entertainment) that of appreciating the history of the novel in America.
John Bolen does many accents and voices with pleasant results; however,
his women's falsetto voices turn out to be downright hilarious.
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FAMOUS ADVENTURES AND PRISON ESCAPES OF THE
CIVIL WAR -
The following diary was originally written in lead-pencil and in a
book the leaves of which were too soft to take ink legibly. I have it
direct from the hands of its writer, a lady whom I have had the honor to
know for nearly thirty years. For good reasons the author's name is
omitted, and the initials of people and the names of places are
sometimes fictitiously given. Many of the persons mentioned were my own
acquaintances and friends. When, some twenty years afterward, she first
resolved to publish it, she brought me a clear, complete copy in ink. It
had cost much trouble, she said; for much of the pencil writing had been
made under such disadvantages and was so faint that at times she could
decipher it only under direct sunlight. She had succeeded, however, in
making a copy, verbatim except for occasional improvement in the
grammatical form of a sentence, or now and then the omission, for
brevity's sake, of something unessential. The narrative has since been
severely abridged to bring it within magazine limits.
In reading this diary one is much charmed with its constant
understatement of romantic and perilous incidents and conditions. But
the original penciled pages show that, even in copying, the strong bent
of the writer to be brief has often led to the exclusion of facts that
enhance the interest of exciting situations, and sometimes the omission
robs her own heroism of due emphasis. I have restored one example of
this in a foot-note following the perilous voyage down the Mississippi.
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