150 page MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY & PEST CONTROL Manual on CD

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Title: MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY  AND PEST CONTROL

DRAFT
 
April 2008


1-1.  Overview
 
 a. Entomology is the study of insects and other arthropods. Medical entomology is the science
dealing with arthropods and their relationship to the health of man. Throughout history arthropods have
transmitted diseases which have killed more people than all man’s wars combined. In the Middle Ages
over 25,000,000 Europeans died from plague, an arthropod-borne disease. Even today over 1,000,000
humans die every year from malaria, a mosquito-borne disease.
 
 b. All living things are divided into the plant or animal KINGDOMS. Within each kingdom are
major divisions called PHYLA (singular, PHYLUM). Man is the phylum CHORDATA, which consists
of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles-those animals with backbones. Insects and their relatives are in the
phylum ARTHROPODA and are called arthropods. This phylum contains 86 percent of all the species in
the animal kingdom, and most of these arthropods are true insects. For example, there are over 300,000
species of just one type of insect, the beetle.
 
 
1-2. Classification
 
 a. To further differentiate one animal from another, PHYLA are further subdivided into CLASSES,
which are in turn divided into ORDERS, then FAMILIES, then GENERA (singular, GENUS), and finally
SPECIES. Each level of classification is based on characteristics common only to organisms within that
particular category. Therefore, every living creature which has been described has a unique biological
classification which separates it from every other living thing. All classifications are Latin or Latinized
words so they will be universally recognizable. Table 1-1 shows the biological classification of a
mosquito and of man.
 
 b. When referring to a particular organism, only its GENUS and SPECIES names are given. Since
some species are further divided into SUBSPECIES a third word will be given if appropriate. These two
(or three) Latin words are called the scientific name of the organism, and no two species of organisms
will have the same scientific name. Thus the scientific name of the bedbug is Cimex Zectularius in the
genus Cimex, species lectularius. The head louse is Pediculus humanus capitis, while the closely related
body louse is Pediculus humanus humanus (the third word being the subspecies). These names are always
written in italics or are underlined. Only the first (genus) name is capitalized. Frequently, publications
have another word at the end of the scientific name, as in Homo sapiens Linnaeus. It is the last name of
the scientist, called the AUTHOR, who first described the species. If the author’s name is in parentheses,
it indicates that the species was originally described in another genus. For example, the yellow fever
mosquito, Aedes uegypti (Linnaeus), was originally described by Linnaeus as Culex aegypti before the
genusAedes was later separated from the genus Culex. When the same genus is used repeatedly within the
same sentence, paragraph, or scientific article, the genus name may be abbreviated to its first letter
(capitalized), followed by a period and it is italicized or underlined. For example, “Two common
cockroaches are Periplaneta americana and P. brunnea.”
 

CHAPTER 1.  CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT ARTHROPODS
 
Section I.  Introduction
 1-1. Overview
 1-2. Classification
 
Section II.  Phylum Anthropoda
 1-3. General
 1-4. Class Arachnida
 1-5. Class Chilopoda
 1-6. Class Diplopoda
 1-7. Class Crustacea
 1-8. Class Insecta (Hexapoda)
 
Section III.  Growth and Metamorphosis
 1-9. 
 1-10. 
 1-11. 
 
Section IV.  Effects of Arthropods on Man
 1-12. General
 1-13. Disease Transmission
 1-14. Envenomization
 1-15. Dermatosis
 1-16. Myiasis
 1-17. Allergy
 1-18. Urtication
 1-19. Entomophobia
 1-20. Annoyance
 
Section V.  Identification of Medically Important Arthropods
 1-21. General
 1-22. Identification Sources
 
Table List
 Table 1-1. Biological Classification of a Mosquito and Man

CHAPTER 2.  PRESERVATION AND SHIPMENT OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT
ARTHROPODS
 
Section I.  Introduction
 2-1. Overview
 2-2. Arthropod Preservation
 
Section II.  Pinning, Slide Mounting, and Preservation
 2-3. Pinning
 2-4. Slide Mounting
 2-5. Alcohol Preservation
 
Section III.  Labeling and Shipping
 2-6. Labeling
 2-7. Preparing Specimens for Shipment
 
Figure List
 Figure 2-1. Pinned Insects
 Figure 2-2. Small Specimen Vials in Large Jar for Permanent Storage
 Figure 2-3. Shipping Help Sheet
 
 CHAPTER 3.  ARTHROPODS AND ARTHROPOD BORNE DISEASES
 
Section I.  Relationship Between Anthropods and Disease
 3-1. Overview
 3-2. Chain of Infection in Arthropod-Borne Diseases
 
Section II.  Protective Measures Against Anthropod-Borne Diseases
 3-3. Individual Protective Measures
 3-4. Unit Protective Measures
 3-5. Area Protective Measures
 
Section III.  Mosquitoes
 3-6. General
 3-7. Life Cycle of Mosquitoes
 3-8. Mosquito-Borne Diseases
 3-9. Surveillance
 3-10 Prevention of Mosquito-Borne Diseases
 
Section IV.  Biting Flies
 3-11. General
 3-12. Biting Flies and Diseases
 3-13. Prevention of Diseases Vectored by Biting Flies
 
Section VI.  Filth Flies
 3-14. General
 3-15. Life Cycle
 3-16. Diseases
 3-17. Surveillance
 3-18. Prevention of Diseases Transmitted by Filth Flies
 
Section VI.  Fleas
 3-19. General
 3-20. Life Cycle
 3-21. Flea-Borne Diseases
 3-22. Surveillance
 3-23. Prevention of Flea-Borne Diseases
 
Section VII.  Lice
 3-24. General
 3-25. Life Cycle
 3-26. Louse-Borne Diseases
 3-27. Surveillance
 3-28. Prevention of Louse-Borne Diseases
 
Section VIII.  Cone Nose Bugs
 3-29. General
 3-30. Life Cycle
 3-31. Disease Transmitted by Cone Nose Bugs (Chagas’ Disease)
 3-32. Surveillance
 3-33. Prevention of Chagas’ Disease
 
Section IX.  Tick and Mites
 3-34. General
 3-35. Life Cycles
 3-36. Tick-Borne and Mite-Borne Diseases
 3-37. Surveillance
 3-38. Prevention of Tick-Borne and Mite-Borne Diseases
 
Figure List
 Figure 3-1. Equipment for Mosquito Surveys
 Figure 3-2. Collecting Tubes
 Figure 3-3. Small Pillboxes or Salve Boxes for Holding Dead Mosquitoes
 Figure 3-4. Vial for Shipping
 Figure 3-5. Fly Trap—Attached Bait Pan Type
 Figure 3-6. Fly Cone
 Figure 3-7. Fly Grill
 Figure 3-8. Dissecting Needle Moistened with Alcohol for Picking Up Mites and Fleas
 Figure 3-9. Animal Ready for Measuring and Weighing
 Figure 3-10. Berlese Funnel
 
 CHAPTER 4.  THE BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF RODENTS
 
Section I.  Introduction
 4-1. Overview
 4-2. General
 
Section II.  Types of Rodents
 4-3. Norway Rat
4-4. Roof Rat
 4-5. House Mouse
 
Section III.  Domestic Rodent Control
 4-6. Domestic Rodent Control Program
 4-7 Maintenance
 
Figure List
 Figure 4-1. Pictorial Key of Domestic Rodents
 
 CHAPTER 5.  VENOMOUS ANIMALS AND THEIR CONTROL
 
Section I.  Introduction
 5-1. Overview
 5-2. General
 
Section II.  Snakes
 5-3. Poisonous Snakes
 5-4. Venomous Snakes
 5-5. Snake Venoms
 5-6. Management and Control of Snakes
 
Section III.  Scorpions
 5-7. General
 5-8. Management and Control of Scorpions
 
Section IV.  Centipedes
 5-9. General
 5-10. Management of Centipedes
 
Section V.  Spiders
 5-11. General
 5-12. Management and Control of Spiders
 
Section VI.  Medically Important Hymenoptera
 5-13. General
 5-14. Public Health Importance
5-15. Control of Hymenoptera
 
 CHAPTER 6.  FERAL ANIMALS AND THEIR CONTROL
 
Section I.  Introduction
 6-1. Overview
 6-2. Feral Animals
 
Section II.  Responsibility for Feral Animal Control
 6-3. Installation/Base Camp Commander
 6-4. Family Housing Occupants
Section III.  Feral Animal Control
 6-5. Reduction and Control
 6-6. Food Source Reduction
 6-7. Habitat Reduction
 6-8. Installation Animal Health and Control Policy
 6-9. Education
 
Section IV.  Methods of Feral Animal Removal
 6-10. Live Trapping
 6-11. Hand Catching
 6-12. Repellents
 6-13. Kill Traps
 6-14. Shooting
 6-15. Poisoning
 6-16. Euthanasia
 
Section V.  Animal Welfare
 6-17. Animal Welfare Groups
 6-18. Animal Control Program
 
 
CHAPTER 7.  PEST CONTROL OPERATIONS
 
Section I.  Introduction
 7-1. Overview
 7-2. General
 
Section II.  Responsibilities
 7-3. Directives
 7-4. Commander
 7-5. Installation Medical Authority
 7-6. Installation Pest Management Activity
 7-7. Unit
 7-8. Preventive Medicine Units
 
Section III.  Integrated Pest Management
 7-9. General
 7-10. Types of Control
 
Section IV.  Control Operations
 7-11. ?TITLE?
 7-12. Biological Data
 
Section V.  Aerial Dispersal of Insecticides
 7-13. Policy
 7-14. Authorization
 7-15. Limitations
 
CHAPTER 8.  PESTICIDES
 
Section I.  General
 8-1. Overview
 8-2. Laws and Regulations
 8-3. Standard Pesticides
 
Section II.  Types and Uses of Pesticides and Insecticides
 8-4. Pesticides
 8-5. Insecticides
 
Section III.  Supplementary Materials
 8-6. General
 8-7. Solvents
 8-8. Emulsifiers
 8-9. Spreading and Wetting Agents
 8-10. Adhesives or Stickers
 8-11. Synergists
 
Section IV.  Types of Formulations
 8-12. General
 8-13. Technical Grade Materials
 8-14. Dusts
 8-15. Granules
 8-16. Wettable Powders
 8-17. Oil Solutions
 8-18. Emulsions
 8-19. Aerosols
 8-20. Baits
 
Section V.  Dispersal Methods
 8-21. General
 8-22. Fumigation
 8-23. Fogging
 8-24. Spraying
 8-25. Dusting
 8-26. Miscellaneous Control Methods
 
Section VI.  Insect Resistance
 8-27. General
 8-28. Development of Resistance
 8-29. Precautions
 
Section VII.  Repellents
 8-30. General
 8-31. Personal Use or Skin Application
 8-32. Clothing Application
 
Section VIII.  Hazards of Pesticides
 8-33. General
 8-34. Important Factors

Section IX.  Toxicity of Pesticides
 8-35. General
 8-36. Toxic Action of Pesticides
 
Section X.  Pesticide Storage and Mixing
 8-37. Storage
 8-38. Containers
 8-39. Mixing Site
 
Section XI.  Handling Pesticides
 8-40. Contamination
 8-41. Safety Precautions
 
Section XII.  Pesticide Disposal
 8-42. General
 8-43. Pesticides
 8-44. Containers
 8-45. Residues
 8-46. Repackaged Pesticides
 8-47. Labeling
 
Section XIII.  Clean Up of Pesticide Spills
 8-48. General
 8-49. Personnel Protection
 8-50. Cleanup and Disposal
 
Section XIV.  First Aid
 8-51. Immediate Action
 8-52. Required First Aid Information
 8-53. Antidote Information
 
Table List
 Table 8-1. Acute Toxicity and Precaution Categories of Pesticides
 
 CHAPTER 9.  SELECTION AND USE OF PESTICIDE DISPERSAL EQUIPMENT
 
Section I.  Introduction
 9-1. Overview
 9-2. General
 9-3. Types of Equipment
 
Section II.  Hand Sprayers
 9-4. General
 9-5. Uses
 
Section III.  Sprayer Insecticide Hand 2-Gallon
 9-6. General
 9-7. Uses
 9-8. Nozzle Selection
9-9. Calibration
 9-10. Operations
 
Section IV.  Hydraulic Piston Type Sprayers
 9-11. General
 9-12. Uses
 9-13. Calibration
 9-14. Operation
 
Section V.  Ultra Low Volume Aerosol Generators
 9-15. General
 9-16. Uses
 
Section VI.  Dust Dispensers
 9-17. General
 9-18. Backpack Sprayer Duster
 
 Figure List
 Figure 9-1. 2-Gallon Sprayer
 Figure 9-2. Nozzle Selection
 Figure 9-3. Sprayer, Pesticide Electric Liquid
 Figure 9-4. Aerosol Generator Ultra Low Volume Electric
 Figure 9-5. ULVA Fan, Dram Model MK2, Ultra Low Volume, 3740-01-206-9636
 Figure 9-6. Backpack Mister/Duster
 
CHAPTER 10.  INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
 
Section I.  Introduction
 10-1. Overview
 10-2. General
 10-3. Types of Control
 10-4. General Guidance
 
Section II.  The Integrated Pest Management Process
 10-5. Getting Started:  The Six Steps of the Integrated Pest Management Process
 10-6. Surveillance:  The Key to Integrated Pest Management
 10-7. Public Relations
 
 CHAPTER 11.  ENTOMOLOGY EQUIPMENT, SETS, KITS, AND OUTFITS
 
Section I.  Entomology/Collection Sets
 11-1. Overview
 11-2. Entomological Collecting Kit
 11-3. Medical Equipment Sets
 11-4. Field Sanitation Kit
 
Section II.  Personal Protective Equipment
 11-5. Safety Equipment
11-6. Safety Equipment Usage Requirements
 11-7. Air Transportable Over Pack Containers
 11-8. Supply Items for Personal Protective Equipment
 11-9. Personal Protective Equipment Against Disease Vectors
 
Table List
 Table 11-1. Medical Equipment Set 7124: Entomology Collecting Kit
 Table 11-2. ?TITLE?
 Table 11-3. Medical Equipment Sets: MES 7115 Rodent Survey Set
 Table 11-4. Supply Items for Control of Arthropods/Rodents
 Table 11-5. Safety Equipment for Pesticide Applicators
 Table 11-6. Supply Items for Personal Protective Equipment for Field Sanitation Teams in
accordance with U.S. Army Forces Command and 700-2
 Table 11-7. Personal Protective Equipment Against Disease Vectors
 
Appendix 11-A.  Reporting
 
Appendix 11-B.  Standardization Agreements
 
Glossary
 
References