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Includes the Adobe Acrobat Reader for reading and printing publications.
Numerous illustrations and matrices.
Contains the following key public domain (not copyrighted) U.S. Government publication(s) on one CD-ROM in both Microsoft PowerPoint and Adobe Acrobat PDF file formats:
TITLE:
Range Estimation, 70 pages (slides)
SLIDE TOPICS, SUBTOPICS and CONTENTS:
RANGE ESTIMATION The majority of misses are due to an incorrect range estimation. To rectify this, constant practice and applications will ensure that you are proficient and will give you the best chance to achieve
“One Shot, One Kill” TLO ACTION: Determine range to a target.
CONDITIONS: In a classroom; Given an FM 23-10 and course handouts.
STANDARD: Students will determine the range of targets by using Range Estimation techniques and score 70% or higher on practical exercises and course exams.
ELO A ACTION: Define the 8 range estimation methods.
CONDITIONS: In a classroom; Given an FM 23-10 and course handouts.
STANDARDS: Students will define the 8 Range Estimation methods by scoring 70% or higher on course exams. RANGE ESTIMATION METHODS Map Estimation (paper strip) 100 Meter unit-of-measure Appearance-of-objects Bracketing Range Card Laser Range Finder Combination Method Mil- Relation Formula MAP ESTIMATION Place an edge of a strip of paper adjacent to both points Mark points with a tick mark at both locations Measure the distance between them on the map’s bar scale 100 METER UNIT-OF-MEASURE Must visualize 100 meters on the ground Accurate to 500 meters Past 500 meters, use halving method Requires constant practice 100M UNIT-OF-MEASURE (RANGES UP TO 500M) APPEARANCE-OF- OBJECTS METHOD Determine range by the size and characteristics of an object Depends on visibility Requires constant practice APPEARANCE-OF- OBJECTS METHOD CONT. 200m--Clear in all detail, i.e. color of skin, equipment, etc 300m--Clear body outline, face color good, remaining detail blurred 400m--Body outline clear, remaining detailed blurred 500m--Body tapers, head becomes indistinct 600m--Body now a wedge shape, no head apparent 700m--Solid wedge shape of outline of body BRACKETING METHOD Sniper assumes the target is no less than “X” meters away, but no more than “Y” meters away Averages of the two distances as the estimated range BRACKETING METHOD RANGE CARD METHOD Prior and proper preparation of a range card allows the team to quickly determine ranges throughout a target area Once the target is seen, the team determines it’s location on the range card to find the proper range
SNIPER’S RANGE CARD LASER RANGE FINDERS LRFs provide an extremely accurate and fast method of range estimating a target Requires extra equipment and training (i.e. extra batteries, tripod, etc.) Snipers must not rely on this only LASER RANGE FINDERS AN-PVS 6 (MELIOS) Mini Eye-Safe Laser Infrared Observation Set Leica Viper Leica PLRF (Pocket Laser Range Finder) Mark 7 night vision LRF COMBINATION METHOD Perfect conditions rarely exist in combat. The use of only one method of range estimation may not be enough Terrain with a lot of dead space limits the accuracy of the 100-m method Poor Visibility limits the appearance of object method By combining 2 or more methods, a team can arrive at a range estimation that is close to the actual range Do not limit yourself! MIL-RELATION FORMULA Requires a steady position to achieve the most accurate reading Utilized when Laser Range Finders are not available Most common range estimation technique and must be practiced often QUESTIONS? Q: Name 4 of the Range estimation techniques. A: Appearance of objects, Bracketing, Map estimation, Mil-Relation formula, Laser range finder, Combination, 100 meter unit of measure, Range card. Q: Which Method is most accurate? A: Laser range finder Q: Which method requires a steady position? A: Mil-Relation formula
ELO B ACTION: Describe the three main factors that affect the appearance of objects when determining by eye estimation.
CONDITIONS: In a classroom; Given an FM 23-10 and course handouts.
STANDARDS: Students will describe the factors that effect appearance of objects by scoring 70% or higher on course exams and practical exercises. RANGE ESTIMATION Range can be determined by measuring or by estimating. Below are the three main factors that affect the appearance of objects when estimating range by eye. Nature of the target Nature of the terrain Light conditions NATURE OF THE TARGET A target will appear closer if:
The object has a regular outline An object contrasts with its background NATURE OF THE TARGET A target will appear more distant if:
The object has an irregular outline An object blends with its background The object is only partially exposed
NATURE OF THE TERRAIN A target will appear closer:
When observing over smooth terrain When observing across a depression, when most of which is hidden from view When looking uphill When looking down a straight, open road, or along railroad tracks NATURE OF TERRAIN
Smooth terrain surfaces makes the target appear close r NATURE OF TERRAIN Ground that slopes upward makes the target appear closer NATURE OF THE TERRAIN A target will appear farther:
If the observer’s eye follows the contours of the terrain When observing across a depression, all of which is visible When looking downhill When field of vision is narrowly confined
NATURE OF TERRAIN Irregular terrain surfaces makes the target appear further NATURE OF TERRAIN Ground that slopes downward makes the target appear further LIGHT CONDITIONS The target will appear closer:
When a target can be clearly seen When a target is viewed in full sunlight When the sun is behind the viewer
LIGHT CONDITIONS The target will appear farther:
When a target is viewed during limited visibility When the sun is behind the target
QUESTIONS? Q: What are the factors that affect appearance of objects? A: Nature of Target, Nature of Terrain, Light conditions
Q: Give an example of how a target can appear farther by nature of terrain? A: When looking downhill, Field of vision is narrowly confined, Observing across a depression which is all visible.
ELO C ACTION: Determine range to a target using the mil relation formula.
CONDITIONS: In a field environment; Given a M24 SWS, Sand Sock, M22 Binoculars, Pen, Calculator, Clipboard, an open range no less than 100 meters and not to exceed 800 meters, and a variable known point.
STANDARDS: Students will determine range to a target using the mil relation formula and score 70% or higher on Range Estimation practical exercises and course exams. UNITS OF MEASURE Degrees are commonly used to express angular measurement. Due to their size degrees are often too large for a sniper’s use. Snipers have adopted the use of Minutes of Angle (MOA), and Milliradians (MILs) for measurements smaller than a degree. HOW DO WE MEASURE ANGLES? American Standard Degrees = 360 Minutes = 21600 or 1/60th of a degree Seconds = 1/60th of a Minute Metric Mil= 6400 HOW DOES A MINUTE OF ANGLE RELATE TO A DEGREE? A MOA is a proportional unit of measure equal to 1/60th of a degree.
1 Milliradian is equal to 3.375 Minutes of Angle Just as 1 meter is equal to 3 feet
HOW DOES A MIL RELATE TO A MINUTE OF ANGLE? 1 MIL is equal to 3.375 MOA. BECAUSE: There are 21600 MOA in one circle (or revolution). There are 6400 MILS in one circle (or revolution). 21600 MOA / 6400 MILS = 3.375 MOA per MIL. For ease of math, 3.5 MOA per MIL is used. UNITS OF MEASURE UNITS OF MEASURE To convert Mils to MOA multiply 3.5 by the first number of the range to your target
Example 3.5 x 4 = 14 MOA @ 400 meters UNITS OF MEASURE WHY SO MANY MEASUREMENTS? 6283 = true mils 6280 or 1/6280th = 1 mil
M3A/PVS10 RETICLE M3A/PVS10 RETICLE MIL-RELATION FORMULA While using the mil-relation formula, the key element is a steady position Your position must be as steady as when you fire at a long-range target If you are not steady, you will not get an accurate mil reading MIL-RELATION FORMULA Requires you to know the size of the target (inches) Size in inches x 25.4 = size in mm. (constant) Divide constant by MIL reading Round answer to the nearest meter
MIL-RELATION FORMULA Determine Constant Size of Object (Inches) X 25.4 = Constant Example: 67 inches X 25.4 = 1701.8 Rounded = 1702 = Constant
Determine Constant 40” Top to Bottom 1016 = Constant 19.5” Side to Side 495.3 = Constant
MIL-RELATION FORMULA Determine Range Constant Divided by Mil Reading of the Target = Target Range Example: 1016 Divided by 2.5 Mils = 495 Divided by 2.5 Mils =
M22 BINO RETICLE M22 BINO RETICLE DATA BOOK MEASUREMENT SHEET Snipers must have measurements. Your best contact is the S-2, or the out going unit. It is good to have these measurements: Average size of human targets in A.O. Size of road signs. (national and international) Vehicles used by locals. Average size of structures in A.O (doorways, windows ect.) The only bad measurement is a measurement you do not have. DATA BOOK MEASUREMENT SHEET QUESTIONS? Q: 40” tall = 2.4 mils A: 424 Meters
Q: 190” long = 15 mils A: 322 Meters
Q: 20” = 1.8 mils A: 283 Meters ELO D TACTICAL MILING RETICLE TACTICAL MILING RETICLE TACTICAL MILING RETICLE
RETICLE As a Sniper, you should always be prepared to use multiple scope reticles. You may not always have the mil-dot reticle available. ELO E ACTION: Determine the range to a target during a Range Estimation Practical Exercise.
CONDITIONS: In a field environment; Given a M24 SWS, Sand Sock, M22 Binoculars, Pen, Calculator, Clipboard, An open range no less than and not to exceed 800 meters and a variable known point.
STANDARD: Students will Conduct Range Estimation Exercise and score 70% or higher on course exams. RANGE ESTIMATION EXERCISE SET-UP Down Range
center ___________________________________________________
All equipment will be directly behind you and on line. EXERCISE GRADE SHEET Fill out the heading: Date, Exercise # and Roster #. Fill in “m” for meters. Only use pen for exercise (No Pencils). All corrections need Instructor Initials except the M3A reading and last exposure! EXERCISE GRADE SHEET
QUESTIONS? Q. What is the formula to determine range? The Mil Relation Formula: in x 25.4 / Mil = Range to target.
Q. Name the three factors that affect Appearance of Objects Method? A. Nature of target, nature of terrain, and light conditions.
Q. How many Mils are in the M3A reticle? A. 20 Mils. SUMMARY
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