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Dog Biology, Care, and Diseases, 2002, 93 pages

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Dog Biology, Care, and Diseases Carol L. Eisenhauer, DVM, DACLAM 4 December 2002 Dog Biology, Care and Disease Previous Contributors James O’Malley, DVM, MPH, DACLAM Joseph T. Newsome, D.V.M., Georgetown Univ. Martin F. Kriete, D.V.M., LCDR, USPHS, N I H Claude Woodard Jr., D.V.M., USAMRPCD Samuel Peabody, D.V.M., AFIP Introduction Canine Biology Taxonomy Nutrition Reproduction Behavior Introduction Diseases Infectious Viral Bacterial Rickettsial Parasitic Miscellaneous Diseases Fungal Traumatic Iatrogenic Neoplastic Canine Biology TAXONOMY KINGDOM: Animal PHYLUM: Chordata SUBPHYLUM: Vertebrata CLASS: Mammalia SUBCLASS: Theria INFRACLASS: Eutheria ORDER: Carnivora FAMILY: Canidae SUBFAMILY: Caninae GENUS: Canis SPECIES: familiaris Nutrition and Feeding Monogastric carnivore Formulations Closed-formula diets Open-formula (fixed-formula) Semi-purified diets Certification Nutrition and Feeding Unique requirement for certain polyunsaturated fatty acids Linoleic acid (omega 6) Hot spots 10 essential amino acids for dogs Canine Biology 78 chromosomes Most autosomes are acrocentric or telocentric Major histocompatibility complex – DLA Blood groups DEA 1.1, DEA 1.2, DEA 7 50% dogs have naturally occurring cold aggultinin, DEA 7 Most common reaction to multiple transfusion is delayed hemolysis Reproduction Monoestrous cycle Clinical estrus predominantly in Jan/Feb and July/August Fertilization Site - oviduct May occur as late as 8 days post-coitus Ovulated oocytes generally remain viable for only 12 – 24 hours Reproduction Placentation Endothelialchorial Zonary Deciduate Luteal progesterone maintains pregnancy Pathological age related conditions in female Cysts, hyperplasia, atrophy, neoplasia Behavior Social, pack animal Socially mature at 18 – 36 months Socialization 3 – 8 weeks of age (conspecifics) 5 – 12 weeks of age (humans) Diseases of the Canine Viral Diseases Canine Herpesvirus Canine Parvovirus Canine Distemper Virus Rabies Virus Canine Adenovirus 1 Canine Coronavirus Canine Herpes Virus Characterized by rapidly fatal illness in young puppies, and by rhinitis and vaginitis in adults. A DNA virus is transmitted by direct contact or saliva. Causes focal necrosis and hemorrhage in a variety of tissues. Basophilic intranuclear inclusions may be seen. Treatment is seldom successful. Canine Parvo Virus DNA virus 85% affected with severe leukopenia Affinity for rapidly dividing cells of intestine Intestinal crypt necrosis and villous atrophy Canine Distemper Virus Family Paramyxoviridae, Genus Morbillivirus Intracytoplasmic inclusions Epithelial cells of mucous membranes, reticulum cells, leukocytes, glia and neurons Intranuclear inclusions Glandular epithelium and ganglion cells Rabies Rhabdovirus Fluorescent antibody demonstration Negri bodies in hippocampal cells Canine Adenovirus CAV-1 is a nonenveloped, DNA virus that is transmitted mainly by ingestion. Characterized by fever, anorexia, hemorrhages. Lesions are necrosis and hemorrhage. Produces intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatic and endothelial cells. Spontaneous corneal opacity can be seen in the recovery phase. Diseases of the Canine Bacterial Diseases Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis Group C Streptococcus Leptospirosis Campylobacter Helicobacter Diseases of the Canine Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis Most common isolates Bordetella bronchiseptica Canine Parainfluenza Virus Other causative agents Canine Adenovirus Types 1 and 2 Canine Herpes Virus Canine Reovirus types 1, 2 and 3 Mycoplasms, Ureaplasms Diseases of the Canine Streptococcus zooepidemicus Beta hemolytic, Group C Streptococcus Inhabits respiratory tract and vagina Pneumonia and septicemia Epizootics and per acute deaths Transportation within 7 days a factor Diseases of the Canine Streptococcus zooepidemicus Peracute death Hemorrhage Mouth Nose Pleural cavity “Bull’s eye” lesions on pleural surfaces of lungs Diseases of the Canine Leptospirosis L. interrogans sensu lato serovars *Canicola – becoming less common in dogs *Icterohemorrhagiae – becoming less common in dogs Grippotyphosa – becoming more common in dogs Pomona Bratislava – becoming more common in dogs * Rats implicated in transmission Diseases of the Canine Leptospirosis Zinc toxicity in dogs closely mimics the clinical syndrome Immunization does not prevent development of a carrier state Recovered animals may shed organisms in urine for months to years Zoonotic Diseases of the Canine Campylobacter jejuni Highly motile, curved or spiral organism Gram negative, thermophilic Polar flagella Gram stain = gull winged rods Zoonotic – children and immunocompromised at greatest risk Diseases of the Canine Campylobacter jejuni Warthin Starry silver stain Enterotoxin – secretory diarrhea Cytotoxin – erosive enterocolitis Translocation Multiplication in lamina propria and transportation to regional lymph nodes by macrophages Mesenteric lympadenitis Diseases of the Canine Rickettsial Diseases Ehrlichiosis Obligate intracellular parasite Infects mononuclear cells Definitive host: arthropods IFA: no serologic cross-reaction between species Diseases of the Canine Rickettsial Diseases Ehrlichiosis Monocytic Ehrlichia canis – Tropical Pancytopenia Thrombocytic Ehrlichia platys Generally subclinical Diseases of the Canine Rickettsial Diseases Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis E. ewingii vs E. equi Characteristic bacterial morulae Higher serum ab titer to E. canis than E. equi Positive PCR anaylsis Diseases of the Canine Rickettsial Diseases E. ewingii Southern US Muscular stiffness, lameness, polyarthritis Typical hemotological alterations Moderate to severe anemia, rarely meningitis Diseases of the Canine Rickettsial Diseases E. equi Originially found in California, now found all over US and Sweden Fever, depression, typical hematological alterations Histopath – reactive splenic hyperplasia, nonspecific mononuclear reactive hepatitis Diseases of the Canine Borrelia burgdoferi sensu lato Microaerophilic spirochete Dogs rarely develop erythema chronicum migrans Transmitted by Ixodes ticks Primary reservoir Peromyscus leucopus (white footed deer mouse) Use western blot to distinguish between vaccination and infection Diseases of the Canine Helicobacteriosis Natural canine infections H. felis, H. heilmannii/H. bizzozeronii*, H. (Flexobacter) rappini, H. canis, and H. bilis 80 – 100% shelter dogs infected Urease test – presumptive Warthin-Starry Silver stain Gram negative, microaerophilic Diseases of the Canine Parasitic Diseases Protozoa Giardia duodenalis (lamblia) Giardia canis Binucleate flagellate Diseases of the Canine Diseases of the Canine Parasitic Diseases Coccidiosis Cystoisospora canis – largest of the group C. ohioensis C. burrowsi C. neorivoltos All the above have direct life cycle Diseases of the Canine Diseases of the Canine Parasitic Diseases Nematodes Whipworms – Trichuris vulpis Heartworms – Dirofilaria immitis Stronglyoides stercoralis Small strongyle. parthenogenetic female in gut Hemorrhagic enteritis in puppies Baermann procedure Diseases of the Canine Parasitic Diseases Nematodes Hookworms Ancylostoma caninum – more pathogenic A. braziliense (American tropics and Southern US) Uncinara stenocephala (Northern US, Canada) Roundworms - Toxocara canis, T. leonina Diseases of the Canine Cestodes Taenia pisiformis – Rabbit or rodent serve as intermediate host Echinococcus granulosus Sheep and humans serve as intermediate host Dipylidium caninum Fleas and lice serve as intermediate host Diseases of the Canine Trematodes Lung flukes Paragonimus kellicotti Western hemisphere Paragonimus westermani Asia Single operculated egg Feces Transtracheal wash Diseases of the Canine Parasitic Mites Demodex canis Juvenile onset – inherited T-lymphocyte dysfunction Sarcotes scabiei var. canis Zoonotic Cats also susceptible Diseases of the Canine Parasitic Lice Sucking Linognathus setosus Biting Trichodectes canis – vector for Dipylidium caninum Heterodoxus spiniger Diseases of the Canine Ticks All but brown dog tick have wide host range and not host specific Dogs commonly infected by Rhipicephalus, Dermacenter, Ixodes Dermacentor andersoni/variabilis (females) Produce salivary neurotoxin Causes ascending flaccid paralysis Diseases of the Canine Parasites Fleas Ctenocephalides felis Ctenocephalides canis Pulex irritans Echidnophaga gallinacea Distinquish species Shape of head Presence of absence of ctenidae (spiny combs on or behind head Vector for Dipylidium caninum Diseases of the Canine Miscellaneous Diseases Congenital Age-related Hip Dysplasia Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Juvenile Polyarteritis Syndrome Hyperplasia of the Gland of the Nictitating Membr Interdigital Cyst Diseases of the Canine Miscellaneous Juvenile Polyarteritis Syndrome Seen in young beagles, both sexes Systemic necrotizing vasculitis May have hereditary predisposition May be auto-immune in origin Diseases of the Canine Miscellaneous Juvenile Polyarteritis Syndrome Signs – fever, anorexia, reluctance to move head and neck, tend to extend neck ventrally, pain in neck region 3 - 7 days of illness followed by 2 – 4 weeks of remission, repetitive Histology – necrotizing vasculitis and perivasculitis of small to medium sized arteries Treatment - prednisone Diseases of the Canine Fungal Diseases Superficial Dermatophytoses (zoonotic) Microsporum canis Microsproum gypseum Trichophyton mentagrophytes Systemic Blastomyces dermatitidis Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioides immitis Cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans Diseases of the Canine Metabolic and Nutritional Diseases Hypothyroidism – not common in dogs Primary causes Lymphocytic thyroiditis – laboratory beagles (familial) Idopathic atrophy Obesity Body weight 20 – 25% over ideal Addition of fiber does not have effect on satiety Beagle predisposed to obesity in household environment Diseases of the Canine Traumatic Disorders Wounds Pressure Sores - decubital ulcers Acral Lick Granuloma Psychodermatosis Self-trauma promotes release of endorphins Treatment - opioid antagonists Elbow Hygroma Corneal Ulcers Diseases of the Canine Iatrogenic Diseases Indwelling intravascular catheter Infections – number one complication Catheters: Nonthrombogenic Simple as possible Long extension of tubing connect to port best – reduces potential for infection Catheters used to deliver drugs should be placed in the vena cava and not the right atrium to avoid damage to the tricuspid valve Diseases of the Canine Iatrogenic Diseases Intestinal Access Ports Sepsis Usually Gram negative organism Aspiration Lung Injury Burn Wounds Perivascular Extravasation of Drugs Hepatic Encephalopathy Diseases of the Canine Neoplastic Diseases Lymphomas No evidence of retroviral etiology Multicentric and alimentary Consider all lymphomas malignant Hypercalcemia – paraneoplastic syndrome Tru-Cut needle for needle punch biopsies Diseases of the Canine Neoplastic Diseases Skin and Soft Tissue Tumors Fibrosarcomas Lipomas Histiocytomas Most common tumor of young dogs Button tumors Mast Cell Tumor Most common skin tumor in dogs Hemangiosarcomas Diseases of the Canine Diseases of the Canine Neoplasia in Male Beagles Lymphomas 32% Sarcomas 29% Neoplasia in Female Beagles Mammary cancer 40% Lymphoma 18% Sarcoma 15% Diseases of the Canine Neoplastic Diseases Thyroid Carcinomas Beagles have high prevalence Correlation between lymphocytic thyroiditis, hypthyroidism and thyroid neoplasia Palpable cervical mass 2x unilateral as compared to bilateral Diseases of the Canine Neoplastic Diseases Transmissible Venereal Tumors “Sticker tumor”, “transmissible sarcoma” Mammary Gland Tumors Single nodules most common Two most caudal glands – 4th and 5th THE END