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ANCIENT CHRISTIAN COPTIC UNCIAL MANUSCRIPT HANDWRITTEN BIBLE BOOK.SINAI DESERT EGYPT EGYPTIAN
OLD BIBLE BOOK
IT IS DIFFICULT TO DATE THE ITEM
THEREFORE
I COULD'T TO TIP THE SCALES!
SO
IT WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED TO RESBONSIBILTY FOR SPECIFIC DATE OF THE ITEM!!!
UNFORTUNATELY NO CERTIFICATE!
ANTIQUE CHRISTIAN
SINAI DESERT-EGYPT ARABIC-ARABIAN
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia;
Coptic language:
- Coptic or Coptic Egyptian (Ⲙⲉⲧⲣⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ Met.Remenkīmi) is the final stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the seventeenth century. Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the first century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six to seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian phonemes absent from Greek. Several distinct Coptic dialects are identified, the most prominent of which are Sahidic and Bohairic.As developmental phases of Egyptian, both Coptic and Demotic are grammatically closely akin to Late Egyptian, which was written in the hieroglyphic script, but differ significantly in their graphic representation.Coptic flourished as a literary language from the second to thirteenth centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period, though revitalization efforts have been underway since the nineteenth century. Some claim that it never became extinct.
Coptic before the Islamic period:
- The earliest attempts to write the Egyptian language using the Greek alphabet are Greek transcriptions of Egyptian proper names, most of which date to the Ptolemaic period. Scholars frequently refer to this phase as Pre-Coptic. However, it is clear that by the late pharaonic period, demotic scribes regularly employed a more phonetic orthography, a testament to the increasing cultural contact between Egyptians and Greeks even before Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt. Coptic itself, or Old Coptic, takes root in the first century. The transition from the older Egyptian scripts to the newly adapted Graeco-Coptic script was in part due to the decline of the traditional role played by the priestly class of ancient Egyptian religion, who unlike most ordinary Egyptians, were literate in the temple scriptoria. Old Coptic is represented mostly by non-Christian texts such as Egyptian pagan prayers and magical and astrological papyri. Many of them served as glosses to original hieratic and demotic equivalents. The glosses may have been aimed at non-Egyptian speakers.Under late Roman rule, Diocletian persecuted many Egyptian converts to the new Christian faith. This forced new converts to flee to the Egyptian deserts. In time, the growth of these communities generated the need to write Christian Greek instructions in the Egyptian language. The early Fathers of the Egyptian Church, such as Anthony the Great, Pachomius, Macarius and Athanasius, who otherwise usually wrote in Greek, addressed some of their works to the Egyptian monks in Egyptian. The Egyptian language, now written in the Coptic alphabet, flourished in the second and third centuries. However, it was not until Shenouda the Archimandrite that Coptic became a fully standardized literary language based on the Sahidic dialect. Shenouda's native Egyptian tongue and knowledge of Greek and rhetoric gave him the necessary tools to elevate Coptic, in content and style, to a literary height nearly equal to the position of the Egyptian language in pre-Christian Egypt.
Coptic after the Islamic period:
- Egypt came under the dominance of Arab rulers with the spread of Islam in the 7th century. At the turn of the 8th century, Caliph Abdel al-Malik bin Marwan decreed that Arabic replace Koine Greek and Coptic as the sole administrative language. Literary Coptic gradually declined such that within a few hundred years, Egyptian bishop Severus Ibn al-Muqaffa found it necessary to write his History of the Patriarchs in Arabic. However, ecclesiastically the language retained its important position, and many hagiographic texts were also composed during this period. Until the tenth century, Coptic remained the spoken language of the native population outside the capital.Violent persecutions under the Mamluks led to the further decline of Coptic, until it completely gave way to Egyptian Arabic sometime in the 17th century, though it may have survived in isolated pockets for a little longer. In the second half of the 19th century, Pope Cyril IV of Alexandria started a national Church-sponsored movement to revive the Coptic language. Several works of grammar were published, along with a more comprehensive dictionary than had been previously available. The scholarly findings of the field of Egyptology and the inauguration of the Higher Institute of Coptic Studies further contributed to the renaissance. Efforts at language revival continue to be undertaken, both inside and outside the Church, and have attracted the interest of both Copts and Muslims in Egypt.
DESCRIPTION :
DIMENSIONS:
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Length: 240 mm
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Width: 175 mm
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