Construction Material Testing Soil Stone Concrete Bitumen
on CD

 

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Materials Testing Overview.
1-1 Materials Tests.1-1 Soil Properties .1-2 Classifications .1-2 Design Requirements.1-2 Bitumens.1-2 Concrete .1-3 Stabilization .1-3 Equipment .1-3 Test Set, Soil (SC 6635-98-CL-E02).1-3 Test Set, Asphalt (SC 6635-98-CL-E03).1-4 Test Set, Concrete (SC 6635-98-CL-E04) .1-4 Nuclear Moisture Density Gauge .1-4 Safety and Environmental Considerations.1-4

Chapter 2, Soils, part 1. .
2-1 Section I. Formation, Classification, and Field Identification. 2-1 Soil Formation. 2-1 Rocks .2-1 Strata .2-2 Physical Properties .2-2 Grain or Particle Size .2-3 Grain or Particle Shape.2-3 Gradation .2-4 Density .2-5 Specific Gravity.2-5 Moisture .2-6 Consistency. 2-7 Organic Soil . 2-8 Effects of Soil Characteristics . 2-8 Soil Classification . 2-8 Classification. 2-9 Categories. 2-9 Identification of Soil Groups. 2-12 Field Identification . 2-13 Test Equipment. 2-14 Test Factors. 2-14 Soil-Description Example . 2-15 Field-Identification Tests . 2-15 Visual Test. 2-15 Odor Test . 2-19 Sedimentation Test . 2-19 Bite or Grit Test . 2-21 Feel Test . 2-21 Roll or Thread Test . 2-22 Wet Shaking Test. 2-23 Breaking or Dry-Strength Test . 2-24 Ribbon Test. 2-25 Shine Test. 2-25 Section II. Soil Surveys and Sampling. 2-26 Types of Soil Surveys. 2-26 Hasty Survey. 2-27 Deliberate Survey . 2-27 Objective of a Soil Survey. 2-27 Location, Nature, and Classification of Soil Layers. 2-27 Condition of Soils in Place . 2-27 Drainage Characteristics. 2-28 Groundwater and Bedrock. 2-28 Sources of Information . 2-28 Intelligence Reports . 2-28 Local Inhabitants . 2-28 Maps. 2-29 Aerial Photographs . 2-30 Field Investigations . 2-31 Sampling Methods . 2-31 Preparing Samples. 2-32 Recording Samples. 2-33 Obtaining Representative Soil Samples . 2-34 Moisture-Content Samples. 2-38 Undisturbed Samples . 2-38 Chunk Samples . 2-39 Cylinder Samples . 2-43 Quartering Samples . 2-48 Samples Weighing Over 100 Pounds . 2-48 Samples Weighing 25 to 100 Pounds . 2-48 Samples Weighing Less Than 25 Pounds . 2-50 The Soil Profile . 2-50 Purpose.2-50 Equipment.2-51 Steps.2-52 Section III. Moisture-Content Determination .2-54 Oven-Dry Method (ASTM D 2216-90).2-55 Purpose.2-55 Equipment.2-55 Steps.2-55 Calcium-Carbide-Gas Pressure Method (AASHTO T 217-1986).2-57 Purpose.2-58 Equipment.2-58 Steps.2-58 Calculations .2-59 Example .2-59

Chapter 2, Soils, part 2. .
2-62 Section IV. Specific-Gravity-of-Solids Determination (ASTM D 854-92) .2-62 Specific Gravity of Soil or Solids .2-62 Specific-Gravity Test.2-62 Purpose.2-63 Equipment.2-63 Steps.2-64 Apparent and Bulk Specific Gravity .2-69 Section V. Grain-Size Analysis and Distribution (ASTM D 422-63 and ASTM 2217-85) .2-70 Sieve Analysis (Mechanical Analysis).2-70 Purpose.2-71 Equipment.2-71 Steps.2-72 Hydrometer Analysis .2-79 Purpose.2-79 Equipment.2-79 Steps.2-80 Presentation of Results .2-87 Section VI. Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index Determination (ASTM D 4318-95a) .2-89 LL Determination .2-90 Purpose.2-90 Equipment.2-90 Steps.2-92 PL Determination .2-98 Purpose.2-98 Equipment.2-98 Steps.2-98 PI Determination .2-100 Section VII. Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (Compaction Test) (ASTM D 1557-91) .2-101 Compaction Test.2-102 Purpose.2-102 Equipment.2-103 Steps.2-104 Compaction-Test Graph-Presentation of Results. 2-109 Compaction Curve. 2-109 Zero Air Voids and Saturation . 2-111 Percent Moisture. 2-112 Percent Compaction . 2-112 Compaction-Specification Block . 2-112 Effect of Water on Density. 2-113 Effect of Different Compactive Efforts on Density. 2-114 Effect of Different Types of Soils on Density. 2-115 Compaction Equipment . 2-115 Other Compactive Efforts . 2-116 Section VIII. In-Place Density Determination . 2-116 Sand-Cone or Sand-Displacement Method (ASTM D 1556-90) . 2-117 Purpose . 2-118 Equipment . 2-118 Steps . 2-119 Nuclear Moisture-and-Density Tester. 2-123 Water-Displacement Method . 2-124 Section IX. CBR Tests . 2-124 CBR of Laboratory-Compacted Soils (ASTM D 1883-94) . 2-125 Purpose . 2-125 Equipment . 2-125 Steps . 2-127 Undisturbed Sample Testing . 2-135 In-Place Field CBR Testing. 2-135 Presentation and Analysis of CBR Data . 2-135 Test Program for Nonswelling Soils. 2-135 Test Program for Swelling or Expansive Soils . 2-146 Test Program for Free-Draining Soils . 2-151 Section X. Technical Soils Report . 2-153 Soils Tests Required . 2-153 Purpose of the Report . 2-153 Organization and Scope of the Tests. 2-154 Soils Technical Report. 2-155 Purpose . 2-156 Equipment . 2-156 Outline . 2-156

Chapter 3. Bituminous Mixtures .
3-1 Section I. Bituminous Pavements/Surfaces. 3-1 Aggregates. 3-1 Bituminous Materials. 3-1 Asphalts . 3-2 Tars . 3-6 Characteristics and Uses of Bitumens . 3-7 Safety Precautions . 3-7 Advantages and Disadvantages . 3-11 Section II. Sampling Materials . 3-12 Bituminous Materials Sampling (ASTM D 140-88). 3-12 Liquid Materials. 3-12 Solid and Semisolid Materials .3-12 Aggregate Sampling (ASTM D 75-87).3-12 Stone From Ledges and Quarries .3-13 Natural Deposits of Sand and Gravel.3-13 Stockpiles .3-14 Commercial Aggregates .3-14 Section III. Field Identification .3-14 Bitumen Field-Identification Tests .3-14 Asphalts and Tars.3-16 Asphalt Cement and Cutbacks .3-16 Asphaltic-Cutback Tests .3-16 Asphalt-Emulsion (Anionic) Tests .3-18 Road-Tar Tests.3-18 Aggregate Identification and Selection.3-19 Shape and Roughness.3-19 Hardness and Durability.3-19 Cleanliness.3-20 Hydrophobicity.3-20 Gradation .3-21 Particle Size .3-21 Section IV. Bitumen Testing .3-22 Specific-Gravity Test (ASTMs C 127-88 and C 128-93) .3-22 Flash-Point and Fire-Point Tests .3-24 Flash Point and Fire Point by Cleveland Open Cup .3-24 Flash Point by Tag Open Cup (ASTM D 4552-87).3-25 Penetration Test (ASTM D 5-86).3-27 Equipment.3-27 Steps.3-27 Results.3-29 Ductility Test.3-29 Softening-Point Test .3-30 Viscosity Tests.3-30 Saybolt-Furor Test (ASTM D 244-89).3-30 Kinematic-Viscosity Test (ASTM D 2170-85) .3-30 Solubility Test (ASTM D 2042-81) .3-30 Spot Test .3-31 Thin-Film Oven Test (ASTM D 1754-87).3-31 Section V. Aggregate and Filler Testing .3-31 Sieve Analysis .3-32 Mineral Filler (ASTM D 242-85).3-32 Fine and Coarse Aggregate (Washed) (ASTMs D 1073-88, D 448-86, and D 692-88) .3-32 Specific Gravity .3-32 Apparent Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate .3-33 Apparent Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (Calibrated Flask).3-34 Apparent Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (Uncalibrated Flask).3-36 Specific Gravity of Bulk-Impregnated Aggregate.3-37 Specific Gravity of Mineral Filler .3-39 Los Angeles Abrasion Test.3-39 Section VI. Bituminous-Mix Design .3-40 Hot-Mix Design Considerations .3-40 Steps . 3-40 Variables. 3-41 Blends . 3-41 Optimum Bitumen Content . 3-41 Gyratory Test Method. 3-41 Marshall Test Method (ASTM D 1559-89). 3-46 Surface-Area Method . 3-59 Job-Mix Formula . 3-60 Section VII. Plant Control. 3-64 Plant Types . 3-64 High-Type Bituminous Paving Plant. 3-64 Intermediate-Type Plants. 3-66 Initiating Plant Production. 3-66 Sieve Analysis . 3-66 Mix Redesign. 3-66 Controlling Plant Production. 3-66 Gyratory Test Control. 3-67 Marshall Test Control. 3-68 Plant-Control Execution . 3-69 Centrifugal-Extraction Method (ASTM D 2172-88) . 3-69 Purpose . 3-69 Equipment . 3-69 Steps . 3-70 Calculations. 3-72 Sieve Analysis of Aggregate . 3-72 Testing Tar or Tar-Rubber Mixes . 3-72 Density Tests . 3-72 Expediting the Design. 3-74

Chapter 4. Concrete .
4-1 Section I. Characteristics and Identification. 4-1 Description and Components . 4-1 Cement. 4-1 Air-Entrained Cement . 4-2 Water . 4-3 Aggregates . 4-3 Properties of Concrete . 4-4 Strength. 4-4 Durability . 4-5 Watertightness. 4-5 Workability. 4-6 Consistency. 4-6 Uniformity . 4-6 Concrete Curing. 4-6 Temperature. 4-6 Moisture. 4-7 Concrete Admixtures . 4-7 Accelerators . 4-8 Retarders . 4-8 Air-Entraining Agents . 4-8 Water Reducers (Plasticizers) .4-9 Section II. Aggregate Testing .4-9 Stockpile Sampling (ASTM D 75-87) .4-10 Gradation Determination .4-10 Apparatus, Test Procedures, and Calculations.4-11 Material Finer Than 0.75 Millimeters (No. 200 Sieve) .4-11 Fineness Modulus.4-13 Tests for Specific Gravity, Absorption, and Surface Moisture .4-13 Specific Gravity and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate (ASTM C 127-88).4-13 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate (ASTM C 128-93) .4-15 Coarse- and Fine-Aggregate Absorption .4-16 Surface Moisture.4-17 Section III. Fresh-Concrete Tests .4-17 Slump Test (ASTM C 143-90a).4-18 Equipment.4-18 Steps.4-18 Supplementary Test Procedure .4-20 Air-Content Test (ASTM 231-97) .4-20 Equipment.4-20 Steps.4-21 Section IV. Flexural-Strength Test (Modulus of Rupture) .4-21 Test Beams .4-21 Forming the Beams (ASTM C 192-90a) .4-21 Taking the Specimens .4-22 Curing the Beams.4-22 Flexural-Strength Test (ASTM C 78-94) .4-22 Equipment.4-22 Steps.4-22 Section V. Compressive-Strength Test .4-25 Casting a Concrete Cylinder.4-25 Equipment.4-25 Steps.4-26 Number of Specimens.4-27 Curing and Storing Cylinders .4-27 Capping Cylinders.4-28 Determining Compressive Strength of a Cylindrical Specimen (ASTM C 39-96) .4-28 Equipment.4-28 Steps.4-29

Chapter 5. Soil Stabilization .
5-1 Section I. Mechanics of Soil Stabilization and Modification .5-1 Stabilization .5-1 Uses of Stabilization.5-1 Methods of Stabilization.5-2 Modification.5-3 Section II. Stabilizing Agents .5-3 Types of Stabilizers .5-3 Cement .5-3 Lime.5-4 Fly Ash .5-4 Bituminous . 5-4 Combination . 5-4 Time Requirements for Testing . 5-4 Stabilizer Selection. 5-5 Equipment . 5-5 Steps . 5-5 Soil Stabilization in Frost Areas. 5-6 Limitations . 5-6 Construction Cutoff. 5-7 Weather . 5-7 Pick-and-Click Tests. 5-7 Wet-Dry and Freeze-Thaw Tests . 5-7 Preparation. 5-8 Wet-Dry Test Procedure . 5-8 Freeze-Thaw Test Procedure. 5-8 Calculations and Criteria . 5-8 Modified Mix Design for Sandy Soils. 5-10 Soils with No Material Retained on the No. 4 Sieve. 5-11 Soils with Material Retained on the No. 4 Sieve. 5-13 Appendix A. Metric Conversion Chart . A-1 Appendix B. The Unified Soil Classification System . B-1 Basis of the USCS.B-1 Purpose and Scope .B-1 Definitions of Soil Components .B-2 The Classification System.B-2 Soil Groups and Group Symbols .B-4 Identification of Soil Groups.B-8 Laboratory Identification.B-9 Major Soil Groups .B-9 Characteristics of Soil Groups Pertaining to Embankments and Foundations.B-15 Features on the Soils-Classification Sheet .B-15 Graphical Presentation of Soils Data.B-22 Characteristics of Soil Groups Pertaining to Roads and Airfields.B-23 Features on the Soils-Classification Sheet .B-23 Graphical Presentation of Soils Data.B-26 Glossary . Glossary-1 References. References-1 Index.Index-1