Preface Xi CDA Comparator 28
CDA Windows Comparator 31
CDA Voltage Follower 33
Introduction XV CDA Oscillator 33
CDA Logic Circuits 34
Operational Transconductance Amplifier
1: Operational Amplifiers For Industrial (OTA) 35
Applications 1 Programmable Op Amps 39
Objectives 1 Protecting Op Amps 40
Introduction 2 Troubleshooting Op Amps 41
Instrumentation Amplifier 2 No Output 41
Instrumentation Amplifiers with Bridges 3 Low Output 41
Distorted Output 41
Logarithmic Amplifier 5 Troubleshooting Breadboarded Circuits 41
Practical Log Amp 5 Conclusion 41
Antilog Amp 7 Questions 42
Applications of Log Amps 7 Problems 42
Active Filter 7
Low-Pass Filter 8 2: Linear Integrated Circuits for Industrial
Gyrator 11 Applications 45
Capacitance Multiplier 12
Oscillator 12 Objectives 45
Sine Wave Oscillator 13 Introduction 46
Miscellaneous Op Amp Applications 14 Voltage-to-Frequency (V/F) Conversion 46
Op Amp Supply 14 Phase-Locked Loops 52
LED Overvoltage Indicator 15 PLL Capture and Lock Ranges 53
Op Amp Voltage Regulator 15 Frequency Shift Keying 62
Op Amp Voltage-to-Current Converter 16 Tone Decoder 63
Op Amp Current-to-Voltage Converter 18 Frequency-to-Voltage (F/V) Conversion 67
OP Amp Sample-and-Hold Circuit 18 Analog and Digital Circuits 72
Low-Voltage Op Amp 20 Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion 74
Clipper 21 Binary-Weighted Ladder DAC 75
Op Amp Current Drivers 22 R-2R Ladder DAC 77
Current-Differencing Amplifier (CDA) 23 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion 82
Biasing the CDA 24 Counting ADC 82
CDA Inverting Amplifier 25 Successive-Approximation ADC 83
CDA Noninverting Amplifier 27 Flash ADC 84
V
VI
Analog Switches 84 Armature Reaction 128
Sourcing and Sinking ICs 86 Power and Efficiency 129
Questions 88 Nameplates Specifications 130
Problems 88 Conclusion 133
Questions 133
Problems 134
3: Wound-Field DC Motors and
Generators 90
Objectives 90 4: Brushless and Stepper DC
Introduction 91 Motors 135
Dynamo Construction 91 Objectives 135
Rotor 91 Introduction 136
Stator 93 Permanent-Magnet Motors 136
Dynamo Classification 94 PM Motor Classification and
Basic Principles of the DC Generator 94 Characteristics 140
Elementary AC Generator 94 Conventional PM Motors 140
Elementary DC Generator 97 Moving-Coil Motors 141
Additional Coils and Poles 98 Torque Motors 143
Electromagnetic Poles 99 Brushless DC Motors 143
Generator Voltage Equation 99 BDCM Construction 144
DC Motor 99 BDCM Operation 146
Torque 100 Commutation-Sensing Systems 150
Motor Torque Equation 100 Power Control Methods 151
Ideal DC Machine 100 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Counter emf in the Motor 101 BDCMs 152
Counter Torque in the Generators 102 Characteristics and Applications of
Dynamo Configurations 102 BDCMs 153
Constant Line Voltage 102 Stepper Motors 154
Series Motor 103 PM Stepper Motors 154
Shunt Motor 109 VR Stepper Motors 157
Comparing Series and Shunt Motors 112 Stepper Operation Modes 157
Constant Torque 112 Driving Stepper Motors 158
Series Motors 113 Stepper Excitation Modes 158
Shunt Motor 114 Load Torque and Inertia 161
Motor Control 115 Methods of Damping 162
Characteristic Curves 118 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Separately Excited Motor 118 Steppers 165
Compound Motor 118 Optical Encoders 165
General Considerations 120 Basics of Incremental Encoders 166
Reversing Direction 120 Noise Problems 168
Motor Starters and Controllers 120 Accuracy of Encoders 169
Stopping a Motor 121 Basics of Absolute Encoders 169
DC Generator 122 Advantages of Absolute Encoders 171
Classification 122 Conclusion 171
Separately Excited Generator 122 Questions 172
Self-Excited Generators 124 Problems 172
VII
5: AC Motors 173 Limit Switches 215
Objectives 173 Mercury Switches 215
Introduction 174 Snap-Acting Switches 216
Three-Phase AC 175 Motor Protection Switches 217
Wye-Connected Systems 175 Solenoids 218
Delta-Connected Systems 176 Electromagnetic Relays (EMRS) 219
AC Motor Construction and Timers 223
Characteristics 178 Overload Relays 225
Classification of AC Motors 178 Semiconductor Electronic Switches:
Stator Construction 179 Thyristors 230
Motor Characteristics 179 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) 230
Universal Motor 180 Triac 247
Principle of the Rotating Field 181 Gate-Controlled Switch 248
Induction Motor 184 Silicon-Controlled Switch 248
Rotor Construction 184 Thyristor Triggering 249
Motor Operation 184 Shockley Diode 249
Operating Characteristics 189 Diac 251
Speed Regulation 190 Unijunction Transistor 251
Power Factor and Efficiency 192 Programmable Unijunction Transistor 253
Classifications of SCIMs 196 Solid-State Relays 257
Double-Squirrel-Cage Construction 197 Troubleshooting Thyristors 261
Single-Phase Motors 197 Thyristor Protection 261
Wound-Rotor Motor 199 Conclusion 263
Synchronous Motor 200 Questions 266
Motor Operation and Construction 200 Problems 266
Rotor Excitation 202
Starting the Motor 202 7: Power Control Circuits 269
Load Effects 205
Power Factor Correction 206 Objectives 269
Fractional-Horsepower Motors 207 Introduction 270
Conclusion 208 Phase Control 270
Questions 209 Hysteresis in Phase Control 272
Problems 210 UJT Phase Control 273
Ramp-and-Pedestal Phase Control 274
IC Ramp-and-Pedestal Phase Control 274
6: Industrial Control Devices 211 Heater Control 275
Zero-Voltage Switching 276
Objectives 211 Electrical Motor Controls 278
Introduction 212 DC Motor Control 281
Manually Operated Switches 212 Phase Control 282
Toggle Switches 212 Chopper Control 286
Push-Button Switches 212 Full-Bridge, Pulse-Width-Modulated Speed
Knife Switches 213 Control 287
Rotary-Selector Switches 213 Closed-Loop Speed Control 287
Manual Motor Starters 213 Stepper Motor Control 290
Mechanically Operated Switches 215 AC Motor Speed Control 295
VIII
Universal Motor Speed Control 295 Conclusion 372
Adjustable-Frequency AC Drives 296 Questions 372
Thyristors in Motor Controls 303 Problems 373
Semiconductors in Power Control 303
Operating Power Semiconductor 9: Optoelectronics 375
Equipment 304
Preventive Maintenance 309 Objectives 375
Safety 310 Introduction 376
Conclusion 311 The Nature of Light 376
Questions 311 Radiometry and Photometry : Measuring
Problems 312 Light 377
Radiometry 378
8: Transducers 313 Photometry 380
Emitters 382
Objectives 313 Light Physics 382
Introduction 314 Light-Emmiting Diods (LEDs) 383
Temperature 314 Laser Physics 388
Mechanical Temperature Sensing 314 Requirements for a Laser 390
Electrical Temperature Sensing 317 Laser Beam Characteristics 393
Humidity 336 Laser Energy Delivery 400
Psychrometers 338 Types of Lasers 401
Hygrometers 338 Receivers 418
Displacement, Stress and Strain 340 Bulk Photoconductors 419
Displacement Transducers 340 PN Junction Photoconductors 420
Stress and Strain Transducers 345 Photovoltaic Transducers 426
Acceleration Transducers 353 Photoemissive Transducers 427
Magnetism 354 Conclusion 432
Hall Effect Devices 354 Questions 432
Magnetoresistors 355 Problems 432
Pressure 356
Manometers 356
Elastic Deformation Transducers 357 10: Industrial Process Control 434
Piezoresistive Transducers 358 Objectives 434
Fluid FIow 359 Introduction 435
Differential Pressure Flowmeters 360 Characteristics of Process Control System 435
Variable-Area Flowmeters 362 Process Characteristics 436
Positive-Displacement Flowmeters 362 Process Load 436
Velocity Flowmeters 362 Process Lag 436
Thermal Heat Mass Flowmeters 364 Stability 438
Liquid Level 364 Types of Process Control 438
Sight Sensors 364 Open-Loop Control 438
Force Sensors 366 Close-Loop Control 440
Pressure Sensors 366 Basic Control Modes 441
Electric Sensors 368 On-Off Control 442
Radiation Sensors 370 Proportional Control 450
Measurement with Bridges 370 Proportional Plus Integral Control 460
IX
Proportional Plus Derivative Control 461 Pulse-Width TDM 523
Proportional Plus Integral Plus Derivative Pulse-Position TDM 523
Control 462 Analog TDM Errors 524
Controllers 463 Pulse-Code TDM 524
Electric Controllers 464 Digital TDM Errors 526
Synchros and Servos 464 Cassette Recording Methods 526
Pneumatic Controllers 470 IC TDM 528
Final Controll Elements 473 Data Communication 529
Conclusion 474 Transmission Classifications 529
Questions 475 RS-232C Serial Interface 532
Problems 475 Multiplexing Sample Problems 537
Conclusion 543
Questions 544
11: Pulse Modulation 477 Problems 545
Objective s 477
Introduction 478 13: Sequential Process Control 547
Electric Pulse Communication 478
Pulse Modulation Types 479 Objectives 547
Analog Pulse Modulation 479 Introduction 548
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation(PAM) 479 Characteristics 548
Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) 483 Applications 549
Pulse-Position Modulation (PPM) 485 Device Symbols 549
Pulse-Frequency Modulation (PFM) 481 Switch Symbols 550
Summary of Analog Pulse Modulation 488 Relay Symbols 550
The LM555 Timer 488 Solenoid Symbols 552
Basic Specifications 489 Miscellaneous Symbols 552
Using the 555 491 Ladder Logic Diagram 552
Component Value Calculations 493 Writing a Ladder Logic Diagram 555
Digital Pulse Modulation 497 Fail-Safe 561
Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) 497 Relay Logic and Logic Gates 563
Other Digital Systems 509 Relay Logic Motor Control Example 568
Conclusion 5l0 Conclusion 569
Questions 5l0 Questions 570
Problems 511 Problems 570
12: lndustrial Telemetry and Data 14 : Programmable Controllers 572
Communication 512 Objectives 572
Objectives 512 Introduction 573
Introduction 513 Defining a PC 573
Applications of Telemetry 513 Input/Output Interfaces 575
Multiplexing 5l4 Memory 576
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) 514 Processor 577
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) 519 Programming Language and Programming
Submultiplexing 521 Device 577
Pulse-Amplitude TDM 522 Power Supply 578
X
Housings 578 Programming Languages 602
PC Size 578 Robot Programs 602
Selecting a PC 578 End Effectors 603
Example of a Small System 579 Applications 604
I/O Interfaces 519 Sensing 605
Memory 580 Conclusion 606
Processor 580 Questions 601
Programming Language and Programming
Device 580
Power Supply 581 Data Sheets 609
Housing 581 741 Operational Amplifier 610
Larger PCs 581 3900 Current-Differencing Amplifier 613
PC Ladder Instructions 581 SCR 622
Basic Instructions 581 Triac 624
Timers 583 335 Temperature Sensor 626
Counters 584 555 Timer 629
Allen-Bradley PLC-2 Memory Structure 565 Phase-Locked Loop 635
Allen-Bradley PLC-2 Memory ADC0801 Analog-to-Digital Converter 640
Organization -585 DAC0808 Digital-to-Analog Converter 650
Hardware-to-Memory Interface 587
Conclusion 587
Questions 590 Appendixes 655
Problems 590 Appendix A: Miscellaneous Charts and
Tables 656
l5: Introduction to Robotics 591 Appendix B: ASCII Character Codes 663
Appendix C: EBCDIC Code 664
Objectives 591 Appendix D: Operational Amplifiers 665
Introduction 592 Appendix E: Suppliers of Environmentally
Robot Requirements 593 Hardened Personal Computers 682
Robot Structure 593 Appendix F: PC Manufacturers Products 685
Robot Arms 593
Robot Controllers 595
Robot Power Supplies 596 Bibliography 690
Robot Classifications 596
Work Envelope 596
Power Supply 599 Answers to Odd-Numbered
Power Supply Control 600 Problems 696
Motion Control 600
Robot Programming 601
Guiding 601 Index 705
Back to Search Results
All rights reserved.
) 
COMPUTER BENCH PHOENIX
Print
Report item
and your