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Table of Contents
Nr. 1, Juli 1909, Pages 1-96
A. Originalien. 1-26 pages. 1. Uber zwei verschiedene Formen der Helladaptation der Netzhaut; von Alfred Lehmann.2. Studies in Nerve Cells. II. The Comparative Cytology and Physiology of some of the Metabolic bodies in the Cytoplasm of Invertebrate Nerve Cells by W.M. Smallwood and Charles G. Rogers. 3. Zur Netzstruktur der Neurofibrillen von Dr. med. Hisayoshi Kato. B. Referate. pages 27-96.
Nr. 2, August 1909, pages 97-184
A. Originalien. 1. Differentielle Farbung bestimmter Adventitialkerne des normalen Nervengewebes und ihre Bedeutung fur die Histopathologie von Dr. Ugo Cerletti. 2. Quelques localisations dans le noyau de l’hypoglosse et du trijumeau chez l’homme par M. Goldstein et I. Minea. 3. Experimentelle Untersuchung uber die Verbindung des peripheren sensiblen Neurons mit dem sympathischen Nervensystem von Sergius Michailow. 4. Zur Frage der Beziehung zwischen innerer Pankreasfunktion und Nervenwirkung von Dr. Ugo Lombroso. B. Berichte. 1. Die Eroffnung des Zentralinstitutes fur Hirnforschung zu Amsterdam.
Nr. 3, September 1909, pages 185-258
A. Originalien. 1. Uber die Zellen beim Degenerationsvorgang der Nerven, von Aldo Perroncito. 2. Uber einige Veranderungen des intraorbitalen Teiles des Sehnerven nach einmaligem Trauma (Zur Frage uber De- und Regeneration der Nerven) von J.F. Poscharissky. B. Referate. I. Anatomie Histologie Entwickelungsgeschichte. II. Pathologische Anatomie. Pathologische Histologie. III. Physiologie Beziehungen der Chemie und der physikalischen Chemie zur Physiologie, Histologie und Pathologie Chemie zur Physiologie, Histologie und Pathologie.
Nr. 4, Oktober 1909, pages 259-311
A. Originalien. 1. Weitere Mitteilungen uber Neurobiotaxis: III. Uber den Einfliss der Neurone der Geschmackskerne auf den motorischen Facialisund Glossopharyngeuskern und ihr Verhalten zur Radix descendens nervi quinti; von C.U. Ariens Kappers. 2. Die Folgen der Abtragung des Tuberculum acusticum beim junggeborenen Kaninchen, von Prof. Dr. C. Winkler in Amsterdam.
Nr. 5, November 1909, Frontispiece Picture of Cesare Lombroso 1835-1909, pages 312-416
A. Originalien. 1. Contributo allo studio sulla morfologia del cervelletto di alcuni mammiferi, 1a Nota, Sulla proiezione corticale dei nuclei cerebellari, Per il, Dr. Emerico Luna (Assistente), Dall’Istituto di Anatomia umana normale della R. Universita di Palermo, Direttore Prof. R. Versari. 2. A propos du travail de Mr. Giovanni Papadia, Sulle plasmacellule e sui fenomeni reattivi nella cisticercosi cerebrale. Notes critiques par le Dr. G. Parusini. B. Referate. IV. Pathologische Physiologie. Allgemeine Neuropathologie. V. Serologie. Bakteriologie. VI. Psychologie. Allgemeine Psychopathologie. VII. Methodik und Technik. VIII. Bucher. Monographien.
Nr. 6, Januar 1910, pages 417-632
A. Originalien. 1. Die Psychologie der Epilepsie von Prof. E. Wiersma (Aus dem Laboratorium der psychiatrischen Klinik zu Groningen.). 2. Reciprocal Innervation of Antagonistic Muscles. Fourteenth Note, On Double Reciprocal Innervation. By C.S. Sherrington, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Read May 6, 1909, before the Royal Society) (From the Physiology Laboratory, University of Liverpool.). B. Referate. I. Anatomie. Histologie. Entwickelungsgeschichte. II. Pathologische Anatomie. Pathologische Histologie. III. Physiologie. Beziehungen der Chemie und der physikalischen Chemie zur Physiologie, Histologie und Pathologie. IV. Pathologische Physiologie. Allgemeine Neuropathologie. VI. Psychologie. Allgemeine Psychopathologie.
Nr. 7, Februar 1910, pages 633-784
A. Originalien. The descending tracts of the Corpora quadrigemina. By Dr. S.J. de Lange (Amsterdam). 2. Zur Stabchenzellenfrage. Von Dr. Ugo Cerletti. Privatdozent an der k. Universitat Rom. (Mit einer Tafel.). 3. Reponse a la critique de M.G. Perusini au sujet de mon travail “Sulle plasmacellule e sui fenomeni reattivi nella cisticercosi cerebrale”.). B. Sammelberichte. Uber tonische und trophische Innervation. Von Prof. Dr. Armin von Tschermak (Wien). C. Referate. I. Anatomie. Histologie. Entwickelungsgeschichte. II. Pathologische Anatomie. Pathologische Histologie. IV.
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Ugo Cerletti
From Wikipedia
Ugo Cerletti (September 26, 1877 - July 25, 1963) was an Italian neurologist who discovered the method of electroconvulsive therapy in psychiatry.
He was born in Conegliano, in the region of Veneto, Italy, on September 26, 1877. He studied Medicine at Rome and Turin, later specializing in neurology and neuropsychiatry. He studied with the most eminent neurologists of his time, first in Paris, France, with Pierre Marie and Dupré, then in Munich, Germany, with Emil Kraepelin (the "father" of modern scientific psychiatry) and Alois Alzheimer (the discoverer of the most common form of senile dementia, which today bears his name); and in Heidelberg, with Franz Nissl, a neuropathologist.
After his studies, he was appointed head of the Neurobiological Institute, at the Mental Institute of Milan. In 1924 he was given a lecturing post in Neuropsychiatry in Bari; then, in 1928, he took over the post of Prof. Enrico Morselli, at the University of Genoa. Finally, in 1935, he became the Chair of the Department of Mental and Neurological Diseases at the University of Rome La Sapienza, where he developed electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of several kinds of mental disorders, a discovery which made him world-famous.
Cerletti came to the first use of electroshock for therapeutic purposes in human beings by way of his experiments with animals on the neuropathological consequences of repeated epilepsy attacks. In Genoa, and later in Rome, he used an electroshock apparatus to provoke repeatable, reliable epileptic fits in dogs and other animals. The idea to use ECT in humans came first to him by watching pigs being anesthetised with electroshock before being butchered, in Rome. Furthermore, since 1935, metrazol, an epileptogenic drug, and insulin, a hormone, were in wide use in many countries to treat schizophrenics, with great success. This approach was based on Nobel winner Julius Wagner-Jauregg's research on the use of malaria-induced convulsions to treat some nervous and mental disorders, such as the general paresis of the insane, caused by neural syphilis, as well as on Ladislas J. Meduna's theory that schizophrenia and epilepsy were antagonistic, which eventually led, in the same period, to institute insulin-coma therapy in psychiatry, by Manfred Sakel, in 1933.
Cerletti first used ECT in a human patient, a diagnosed schizophrenic with delusions, hallucinations and confusion, in April 1938, in collaboration with Lucio Bini. A series of electroshocks were able to return the patient to a normal state of mind. Thereafter, in the succeeding years, Cerletti and his coworkers experimented with thousands of electroshocks in hundreds of animals and patients, and were able to determine its usefulness and safety in clinical practice, with several indications, such as in acute schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, major depression episodes, etc. His work was very influential, and ECT quickly spread out as a therapeutic procedure all over the world.
As a result of his experiments, which took him from the psychiatric hospital to the abbatoir and the zoologic gardens, Cerletti developed a theory that ECT caused the brain to produce vitalising substances, which he called "agro-agonines" (from the Greek for extreme struggle). He put his theory into practice by injecting patients with a suspension of electroshocked pig brain, with encouraging results. Although electroshocked pig brain therapy was used by a few psychiatrists in Italy, France and Brazil it did not become as popular as ECT, which soon replaced metrazol therapy all over the world because it was cheaper, less frightening and more convenient.[1] Cerletti and Bini were nominated for a Nobel Prize but didn't get one.
In his long activity as a psychiatrist and neurologist, Cerletti published 113 original papers, about the pathology of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease, on the structure of neuroglia, the blood-brain barrier, syphilis, etc. In 1950 he received a honorary degree by the Collège de Sorbonne at the University of Paris, in addition to a long list of other awards and degrees. Cerletti died in Rome, on July 25, 1963.
C.U. Ariens Kappers
Below from Wikipedia
Cornelius Ubbo Ariëns Kappers (9 August 1877, Groningen - 28 July 1946, Amsterdam) was a Dutch neurologist. In 1909 he became the first director of the "Netherlands Central Institute for Brain Research", and held that position until his death in 1946. During his tenure, the institute became an internationally renowned center concerning its work with comparative anatomy of the nervous system.
C.S. Sherrington
Below from Wikipedia
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington OM, GBE, PRS (November 27, 1857 - March 4, 1952) was an English neurophysiologist, histologist, bacteriologist, and a pathologist, Nobel laureate and president of the Royal Society in the early 1920s. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian in 1932.
Early years and education
Charles Scott Sherrington was born in Islington, London, England on November 27, 1857. Sherrington's mother, Anne Brooks, was on a visit to Islington at the time. James Norton Sherrington, a county physician, was Charles' father.[1] James hailed from Caister, Great Yarmouth in Norfolk county, England. The couple had two other sons, William and George. James died while Charles was still young. Sherrington's mother re-married to Dr. Caleb Rose of Ipswich. Rose was to have a huge impact upon Sherrington. Rose was note-worthy as both a classical scholar and an archaeologist. At the family's Edgehill House in Ipswich one could find a fine selection of paintings, books, and geological specimens.[2][3]
By way of Rose's interest in the English artists of the Norwich School, Sherrington gained a love of art.[4] Intellectuals frequented the house regularly. It was this environment that fostered Sherrington's academic sense of wonder. Even before matriculation, the young Sherrington had read Johannes Müller's Elements of Physiology. The book was given to Sherrington by his stepfather.Sherrington entered Ipswich School in 1871.[2] Thomas Ashe, a famous English poet, worked at the school. Ashe served as an inspiration to Sherrington, the former instilling a love of classics and a desire to travel in the latter.
Rose had pushed Sherrington towards medicine. Sherrington first began to study with the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Sherrington also sought to study at Cambridge, but a bank failure had devastated the family's finances. Sherrington elected to enroll at St Thomas' Hospital in September 1876 as a "perpetual pupil".[2] He did so in order to allow his two younger brothers to do so ahead of him. The two studied law there. Medical studies at St. Thomas's Hospital were intertwined with studies at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.[3] Physiology was Sherrington's chosen major at Cambridge. There, he studied under the "father of British physiology," Sir Michael Foster.[1]
Sherrington played football for his grammar school, and for Ipswich Town Football Club, rugby St. Thomas's, was on the rowing team at Oxford.[3][5] During June of 1875, Sherrington passed his preliminary examination in general education at the Royal College. This preliminary exam was required for Fellowship, and also exempted him from a similar exam for the Membership. In April 1878, he passed his Primary Examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, and 12 months later the Primary for Fellowship.
In October 1879, Sherrington entered Cambridge as a non-collegiate student.[2] The following year he entered Gonville and Caius College. Sherrington was quite the student. Walter Holbrook Gaskell, one of Sherrington's tutors, informed him in November 1881 that he had earned the highest marks for his year in botany, human anatomy, and physiology; second in zoology; and highest overall.[3] John Newport Langley was Sherrington's other tutor. The two were interested in how anatomical structure is expressed in physiological function.[1]
Sherrington earned his Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons on August 4, 1884. In 1885, he obtained a First Class in the National Science Tripos with the mark of distinction. In the same year, Sherrington earned the degree of M.B., Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery from Cambridge. In 1886, Sherrington added the title of L.R.C.P., Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.[2]
Seventh International Medical Congress.
The conference was held in London in 1881. It was at this conference that Sherrington began his work in neurological research. At the conference controversy broke out. Friedrich Goltz of Strasbourg argued that localized function in the cortex did not exist. Goltz came to this conclusion after observing dogs who had parts of their brains removed. David Ferrier, who became a hero of Sherrington's, disagreed. Ferrier maintained that there was localization of function in the brain. Ferrier's strongest evidence was a monkey who suffered from hemiplegia, paralysis affecting one side of the body only, after a cerebral lesion.
A committee, including Langley, was made up to investigate. Both the dog and the monkey were chloroformed. The right hemisphere of the dog was delivered to Cambridge for examination. Sherrington performed a histological examination of the hemisphere, acting as a junior colleague to Langley. In 1884, Langley and Sherrington reported on their findings in a paper. The paper was the first for Sherrington.[2]
Travel
In the Winter of 1884-1885, Sherrington left England for Strasbourg. There, he worked with Goltz. Goltz, like many others, positively influenced Sherrington. Sherrington later said of Goltz that: "[h]e taught one that in all things only the best is good enough."[2]
A case of asiatic cholera had broken out in Spain in 1885. A Spanish physician claimed to have produced a vaccine to fight the outbreak. Under the auspices of Cambridge University, the Royal Society of London, and the Association for Research in Medicine, a group was put together to travel to Spain to investigate. C.S. Roy, J. Graham Brown, and Sherrington formed the group. Roy was Sherrington's friend and the newly elected professor of pathology at Cambridge. As the three traveled to Toledo, Sherrington was skeptical of the Spanish physician.[3] Upon returning, the three presented a report to the Royal Society. The report discredited the Spaniard's claim.
It should be mentioned that Sherrington did not meet Santiago Ramón y Cajal on this trip. While Sherrington and his group remained in Toledo, Cajal was hundreds of miles away in Zaragoza.[3]
Later that year Sherrington traveled to Rudolf Virchow in Berlin to inspect the cholera specimens he procured in Spain. Virchow later on sent Sherrington to Robert Koch for a six weeks' course in technique. Sherrington ended up staying with Koch for a year to do research in bacteriology. Under these two, Sherrington parted with a good foundation in physiology, morphology, histology, and pathology.[1] During this period he may have also studied with Waldeyer and Zuntz.
In 1886, Sherrington went to Italy to again investigate a cholera outbreak. While in Italy, Sherrington spent much time in art galleries. It was in this country that Sherrington's love for rare books became an addiction.
Employment
In 1891, Sherrington was appointed as superintendent of the Brown Institute for Advanced Physiological and Pathological Research of the University of London, a center for human and animal physiological and pathological research.[3][4] Sherrington succeeded Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley.[6] There, Sherrington worked on segmental distribution of the spinal dorsal and ventral roots, he mapped the sensory dermatomes, and in 1892 discovered that muscle spindles initiated the stretch reflex. The institute allowed Sherrington to study many animals, both small and large. The Brown Institute had enough space to work with large primates such as apes.
Liverpool
Sherrington's first job of full-professorship came with his appointment as Holt Professor of Physiology at Liverpool in 1895, succeeding Francis Gotch.[3] With his appointment to the Holt Chair, Sherrington ended his active work in pathology.[2] Working on cats, dogs, monkeys, and apes that had been bereaved of their cerebral hemispheres, he found that reflexes must be considered integrated activities of the total organism, not just the result of activities of the so-called reflex-arcs, a concept then generally accepted.[6] There he continued his work on reflexes and reciprocal innervation. His papers on the subject were synthesized into the Croonian lecture of 1898.
Sherrington showed that muscle excitation was inversely proportional to the excitation of an opposing group of muscles. Speaking of the excitation-inhibition relationship, Sherrington said "desistence from action may be as truly active as is the taking of action." Sherrington continued his work on reciprocal innervation during his years at Liverpool. Come 1913, Sherrington was able to say that "the process of excitation and inhibition may be viewed as polar opposites [...] the one is able to neutralize the other." Sherrington's work on reciprocal innervation was a notable contribution to the knowledge of the spinal cord.[2]
Oxford
As early as 1895, Sherrington had tried to gain employment at Oxford University. By 1913, the wait was over. Oxford offered Sherrington the Waynflete Chair of Physiology.[2] The electors to that chair unanimously recommended Sherrington without considering any other candidates.[3] Sherrington enjoyed the honor of teaching many bright students at Oxford. Over a handful of his students were Rhodes' scholars and three went on to be Nobel laureates. The three are Sir John Eccles, Ragnar Granit, and Howard Florey.[7]
Sherrington's philosophy as a teacher can be seen in his response to the question of what was the real function of Oxford University in the world. Sherrington said:
"after some hundreds of years of experience we think that we have learned here in Oxford how
to teach what is known. But now with the undeniable upsurge of scientific research, we cannot
continue to rely on the mere fact that we have learned how to teach what is known. We must learn
to teach the best attitude to what is not yet known. This also may take centuries to acquire but we
cannot escape this new challenge, nor do we want to."[3]
Sherrington's teachings at Oxford were interrupted by World War I. When the war started, it left his classes with only nine students. During the war, he laboured at a shell factory to support the war and to study fatigue in general, but specifically industrial fatigue. His weekday work hours were from 07:30 a.m to 08:30 p.m.; and 07:30 a.m. to 06:00 p.m. on the weekends.[3] In March 1916, Sherrington fought for women to be able to be admitted to the medical school at Oxford.
Retirement
Charles Sherrington retired from Oxford in the year of 1936.[2] He then moved to his boyhood town of Ipswich, where he built a house.[1] There, he kept up a large correspondence with pupils and others from around the world. He also continued to work on his poetic, historical, and philosophical interests.[7] From 1944 until his own death he was President of the Ipswich Museum, on the committee of which he had previously served.[8]
Sherrington's mental faculties were crystal clear up to the time of his death, which was caused by a sudden heart failure and ended his life instantly. His bodily health, however, did suffer in old age. Rheumatoid arthritis was a major burden of his.[1] Speaking of his condition, Sherrington said "old age isn't pleasant[,] one can't do things for oneself."[2] The arthritis put Sherrington in a nursing home as late as 1951.[7]
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