Photo Restoration and Conservators Preservation Guides CD

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This CD contains the following guides

1 Care of Photographic Collections
2 Management of Cellulose Nitrate and Cellulose Ester Film
3 Care of Paper Objects
4 Conservation Treatment
5 Collection Environment
6 Biological Infestations
7 Handling, Packing, and Shipping
8 Collection Storage
9 Collection Security and Fire Protection
10 Collector Health and Safety

Care of Photographic Collections

A. Overview
What information will I find in this appendix? p:1 Why is preventive conservation important for these materials? p:1 How can I find the latest information on care of these types of materials?. p:1

B. The Nature of Photographic Materials
What is the component structure of photographic materials?. p:1 Why should I identify photographic processes? p:2 What are the basic types of final image materials and how do they deteriorate?. p:2 What are the various types of binder layers? p:3 What are examples of primary supports? . p:4 Are there other structural concerns?. p:5

C. Preparing a Preservation Strategy
Why do I need a preservation strategy? . p:6 What are the basic elements of a preservation strategy?. p:6 How should I assess and control the environment? . p:6 Should I establish handling procedures and a disaster plan? p:7 Should I rehouse photographic prints and negatives? p:7 How do I rehouse photographic prints and film negatives? p:7 How should I preserve color materials? p:8 How do I evaluate photographic materials for conservation and further preservation? p:9 Who should inspect film-base negatives?. p:9 What about reformatting and duplicating deteriorating materials? . p:9 Who should inspect copy images? p:11

D. Preventive Conservation: Handling Photographic Collections.
How do I handle photographic prints?. p:12 How do I handle daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes: cased and uncased formats?. p:13 How do I handle glass plate negatives and transparencies? p:14 How do I handle film-base black-and-white negatives and transparencies? p:14 How do I handle slide collections? p:15

E. Preventive Conservation: Storing Photographic Collections in the Proper Environment
How do I store photographic prints? . p:15 How do I store daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes: cased and uncased formats?. p:16 How do I store glass plate negatives? p:16 How do I store film-base black-and-white negatives?. p:16 How do I store color photographic collections? p:17 What characteristics do I need to know about color photographic collections? . p:18

F. Preventive Conservation: Housing Photographic Collections
How do I house photographic prints and negatives? p:19 What about paper photographic storage enclosures? p:19 What about plastic photographic enclosures? p:21 How do I house panoramic (oversized) prints?. p:23 How do I containerize sleeved prints? p:23 What storage techniques do I use to rehouse photographic materials?. p:23 How do I house daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes: cased and uncased formats?. p:24 How do I house glass plate negatives and positives (lantern slides)? p:25 How do I house black-and-white negatives?. p:26 Why do I place color photographic collections in cold storage? . p:27 How do I determine what is appropriate cold storage?. p:27 What do I need to know about storage in a frost-free refrigerator? p:27 What do I need to know about storage in a cold storage vault? . p:29 When can I remove original photographic materials from cold storage? p:30 How do I house color slide collections? p:30

G. Preventive Conservation: Exhibiting Photographic Collections.
How do I exhibit photographic prints? . p:30 How do I exhibit daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes: cased and uncased formats?. p:31 How do I exhibit color photographic collections? p:31

H. Preventive Conservation: Inspecting Photographic Collections
What is the Condition Checklist for Visual Images? . p:33 How do I use this checklist? p:33 Where do I find the checklist? . p:33

I. Conservation Treatment Issues for Deteriorated Photographic Materials .
What does this section cover? p:33 Why use a conservator? p:33 What are the ethical considerations? p:34 What treatments will the conservator use? . p:37

J. The Recovery of Water-Damaged Photographic Materials.
How should I recover water-damaged materials?. p:41 What should I salvage first? p:41

K. Selected Bibliography.
List of Figures Figure R.1. Appropriate Light Levels for Photographic Media p:7 Figure R.2. Relative Humidity and Temperature Requirements for Photographic Media . p:16 Figure R.3a-b. Condition Checklist for Visual Images (Sample) p:35

Management of Cellulose Nitrate and Cellulose Ester Film

A. Overview
What is cellulose nitrate (nitrate)?p.1 What are nitrate photographic negatives and transparencies? .p.2 What is nitrate motion picture film?p.2 When was nitrate used in the United States?.p.3 Why should I be concerned about nitrate film?.p.4 What values do nitrate films have for parks?p.6

B. Identification and Evaluation of Historical Nitrate and Cellulose Ester Film.
What transparent flexible film bases have been produced?p.8 Does cellulose ester film deteriorate? p.9 What is the vinegar syndrome? .p.9 What does deteriorated cellulose acetate, diacetate, and triacetate film look like?p.10 How do I identify nitrate materials? p.10 How do I determine whether film is nitrate, cellulose ester (acetate, diacetate, triacetate) or polyester? p.12 How do I use the polarization test? p.12 How do I use the burn test?.p.13 How do I use the float test? .p.13 How do I use the diphenylamine test? .p.14 What determines the speed of nitrate deterioration? p.14 Is nitrate deterioration predictable?p.15 What are the stages of nitrate deterioration?p.15 What chemical tests can be used to predict whether nitrate life has been exceeded?.p.17 What tests can be used to predict the life of cellulose ester films?p.17 How do I ensure the long life of cellulose ester films? p.17 Where can I get help on these issues of nitrate and cellulose ester identification and deterioration analysis?p.18

C. Management of Nitrate and Cellulose Ester Films
Do I have to keep nitrate film? .p.18 Do I have to keep other deteriorating film types, such as cellulose acetate, diacetate, and triacetate? p.19 What special storage requirements must my facility meet? p.19 What other options do I have if I don’t want to store film in my park?p.20 How should I manage nitrate that I keep in the park on a short- or long-term basis?.p.21 Should I isolate and handle cellulose acetate, diacetate, and triacetate in the same way?p.23 What should I do when working with nitrate to avoid health hazards?.p.23 How do I avoid health hazards with cellulose ester films? p.24 How should I mark nitrate and cellulose ester films?p.24 What common factors affect the life expectancy of nitrate and cellulose ester films?p.25 What materials and systems should I use to house my nitrate and cellulose ester?p.26 How should I prepare my collections for cold storage?.p.27 How should I clean dirty films? p.27 How should I reformat my nitrate, and cellulose acetate, diacetate, and triacetate?p.27 How should I inspect reformatted nitrate that has been returned? p.29 Do I have to deaccession reformatted nitrate negatives? .p.31 Can I destroy reformatted nitrate negatives?p.31 How do I document reformatted nitrate negatives? p.31 How do I dispose of nitrate? p.30 When should I keep original nitrate?p.31 How do I train my staff to handle, house, store, and manage nitrate and cellulose ester film?.p.31 How should I answer requests for access to nitrate?p.31

D. Prevention of Nitrate Fires
What causes nitrate fires?p.31 How do I prevent a nitrate fire? p.32 At what temperatures are nitrate materials dangerous?p.33 What materials pose the greatest risk of causing a nitrate fire? p.35 What nitrate materials pose the least risk of causing a nitrate fire?.p.34 What should I do in case of a nitrate fire?.p.34 What nitrate fires have occurred recently?p.36 What do I do if my nitrate or cellulose ester becomes wet during fire fighting or cold storage? p.35 E. Bibliography.p.35 List of Figures Figure M.1. National Fire Protection Agency Hazard Warning Sign for Cellulose Nitrate Film p.21

Care of Paper Objects

A. Overview
What information will I find in this appendix? p.1 Why is it important to practice preventive conservation with paper objects?p.2 How do I learn about preventive conservation? p.2 Where can I find the latest information on care of these types of objects?.p.2 What should I know about the history of papermaking? .p.2 What is the difference between paper and a paper object?p.3

B. The Nature of Paper Objects
What is the structure of paper? .p.3 What is cellulose?.p.4 What fibers have been used historically to make paper?p.4 What causes groundwood paper to be unstable?.p.4 How is paper quality judged? p.4 How does the nature of some paper objects affect their preservation?p.5

C. Agents of Deterioration
What causes paper to deteriorate? .p.5 How does temperature affect paper objects?p.6 How does relative humidity affect paper objects?.p.6 What are the appropriate temperature and humidity levels for storage of paper objects? .p.6 How does light affect paper objects? p.7 How do I protect paper objects from light?p.7 How can I tell if a paper object has been damaged by light?p.8 What is the impact of gaseous pollutants on paper objects?p.8 What is the impact of particulates on paper? p.9 How do I protect paper objects from dust and gaseous pollutants? .p.9 What impact do acids have on paper objects?p.10 How do molds and pests affect paper objects?.p.10

D. Collections Maintenance
What is appropriate collections maintenance for a paper collection? .p.11

E. Handling Paper Objects
What are appropriate handling guidelines for paper objects?.p.13 What are appropriate supports for handling paper objects? .p.14 How do I handle rolled paper objects?p.15 How do I insert or remove an object from a polyester enclosure?p.15

F. Storing Paper Objects.
What are the guidelines for storing paper collections? .p.16 What are acid-free and archival materials?.p.16 How do I know which archival paper products to use with the various types of paper objects?.p.17 How do I know which plastic products to use with the various types of paper objects? .p.18 Are there any other situations when I should not use plastic products for storage?.p.19 What are diazotype reproductions and how should I store them? p.19 What specific types of enclosures are available for paper objects? .p.19 What kinds of equipment should I use to store collections of paper objects?.p.22

G. Exhibiting Paper Objects
How can I limit the risks of exhibiting paper objects?p.23 Which formats are appropriate for displaying paper objects?.p.24 What guidance is available for matting and framing paper objects?.p.24

H. Working with a Conservator When Treatment is Needed .
How do I know which objects require conservation treatment? p.25 What is stabilization versus treatment?.p.25 What restoration treatments are appropriate for paper objects?.p.25 What cleaning techniques are appropriate for paper objects?p.26 Can acidity be removed from paper to prolong preservation? p.26 Are deacidification sprays appropriate for use on paper collections?.p.26

I. Emergency Procedures for Paper Collections.

J. Glossary of Terms Used to Describe Paper Condition .

K. Selected Bibliographyp.

L. Selected World Wide Web Resources.
List of Figures Figure J.1 Suitable Temperature and Humidity Levels for Paper Storagep.7 Figure J.2 Suggested Maximum levels of Major Gaseous Pollutants .p.9 Figure J.3 Types of Enclosures .p.20 Figure J.4 Types of Polyester Enclosures .p.20 Figure J.5 Types of Boxes .p.21 Figure J.6 Archival Separation Sheet p.30 Figure J.7 Example Handling Procedures .p.31

Conservation Treatment

A. Overview
What is treatment?.p.2 What is preservation? p.2 What is conservation treatment?p.2 What is stabilization? .p.3 What are restorations? p.3 Why use reproductions?.p.3 Why should treatments be reversible? .p.3 What NPS guidance is available to help me make decisions about conservation treatment?p.4 When do I need a conservator?

B. Factors to Consider Before Conservation Treatment.
How will I know what conservation treatment is appropriate?p.4 What guidelines should I follow when considering restoration?.p.6 What is the difference between conservation treatment and routine maintenance?

C. Documentation of Conservation Treatment
Why is conservation documentation important? .p.7 What is the ANCS+ Conservation Associated Module? p.7 What types of conservation projects can be recorded in the Conservation Associated Module? .p.8 What kinds of documentation should I require from the conservator?.p.9 What are typical documentation steps when an object is treated? p.11 What kinds of documentation should park staff generate on its own treatment activities?

D. Obtaining the Services of a Conservator
How do I find a conservator?p.12 How do I decide if a suggested conservator and treatment are suitable?p.13 What do I need to know about contracting for conservation treatment services? p.14 What happens after the conservator is selected? .p.14 When I am evaluating a treatment proposal, what should I consider?.p.14 What are my responsibilities once the treatment proposal is approved?.p.15 Where can I find information on how to treat objects in an emergency?

E. Glossary .

F. Selected Bibliography.

G. Internet Resources .
List of Figures Figure 8.1. Information Required in Conservation Treatment Documentationp.10 Figure 8.2. Sample Narrative Examination Report p.18 Figure 8.3. Sample Treatment Proposal p.20 Figure 8.4. Sample Treatment Report .p.22

Collection Environment

A. Overview.
What information will I find in this chapter? p.1 Who should read this chapter? . p.1 What are the agents of deterioration that affect the museum environment? .

B. Developing the Critical Eye
What is the "critical eye?" . p.3 What kinds of materials will I find in a museum collection? p.4 What is deterioration? p.5 What is chemical deterioration? p.6 What is physical deterioration? . p.6 What is inherent vice? p.7 Why is it important to understand the environmental agents of deterioration and how to monitor them? .

C. Temperature
What is temperature?. p.9 How does temperature affect museum collections?

D. Relative Humidity.
What is relative humidity (RH)?. p.9 What is the psychrometric chart? p.10 How do organic objects react with relative humidity? p.13 What deterioration is caused by relative humidity?. p.13 What are the recommendations for relative humidity control? .

E. Monitoring and Controlling Temperature and Relative Humidity
Why should I monitor temperature and relative humidity?. p.14 What kind of monitoring equipment should I have? p.15 How do I maintain a hygrothermograph? . p.18 How do I read a hygrothermograph chart or datalogger graph?. p.22 How do I use the hygrothermograph or datalogger data? p.23 How do I organize and summarize the data from my hygrothermograph charts or datalogger graphs? p.23 How do I summarize long-term data? p.28 How do I control temperature and relative humidity? p.29 What are humidistatically controlled heating and ventilation systems?. p.33 What is the time-weighted preservation index (TWPI)?.

F. Light .
What is light? p.34 What are the standards for visible light levels?.

G. Monitoring and Controlling Light.
How do I monitor light levels? . p.37 How do I improve the lighting to minimize damage to objects on exhibit or in storage? . p.38 How do I limit light damage from research use?. p.39 How do I fill out the Light and Heat Measurement Record? . p.40 Is there any way to directly monitor light damage? . p.42 How do I control light levels?

H. Dust and Gaseous Air Pollution.
What are particulate air pollutants? . p.44 What are gaseous air pollutants?

I. Monitoring and Controlling Particulate and Gaseous Air Pollution .
How do I monitor air pollution? p.46 Are there ways to monitor for air pollution? p.47 How do I control air pollution?.

J. Selected Bibliography

K. Endnotes p.53

List of Figures Figure
How to Use a Psychrometric Chart p.12 Figure 4.2. Relative Humidity Optimum Ranges for Various Materials Housed in a Park’s Museum Collection . p.14 Figure 4.3. Example Hygrothermograph Calibration Record. p.21 Figure 4.4. Hygrothermograph Chart that Illustrates the Relationship Between Temperature and Relative Humidity . p.24 Figure 4.5. Hygrothermograph Chart that Indicates Operation of Air Handling Equipment . p.25 Figure 4.6. Hygrothermograph Chart that Illustrates the Results of Turning off the Furnace . p.26 Figure 4.7. Museum Environmental Monitoring Record p.27 Figure 4.8. Example Light and Heat Measurement Record p.41 Figure 4.9. Deterioration to Museum Objects Caused by Air Pollution p.46 Figure 4.10 Types of Materials that Can Harm Objects and Types of Materials that are Considered Safe to Use with Museum Objects for Storage and Exhibit. p.50

Biological Infestations

A. Overview.
What information will I find in this chapter? .p.1 Who should read this chapter?p.1 What is a museum pest?.p.1

B. Active Infestations
What do I do if I find live pests in the museum?p.1 How do I stop an infestation? p.2

C. Identification of Museum Pests
What are museum pests? .p.3 What are fabric pests? p.4 What are wood pests?.p.5 What are stored product pests?.p.6 What are moisture pests? .p.6 What are General Pests (perimeter invaders)?p.7

D. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
What is Integrated Pest Managementp.7 Why should I use IPM? .p.8 What types of damage can pesticides do to museum objects? p.8 What are the components of an IPM Program?.p.9

E. Monitoring .
Why should I monitor for pests and monitor the environment? p.9 How do I know where to monitor?p.10 What does pest damage look like?p.10 How do I monitor for pests?.p.11 What kinds of traps should I use?p.11 How do I establish an insect trapping program?.p.11 What actions should I take to keep pests out?.p.13 How do I know when I have a problem and must take some action?p.14

F. Documenting and Evaluating Your IPM Program.
How should I document my IPM program?p.14 How do I know if the IPM strategy is effective? .p.14 Where can I find other information about IPM and Museum Pests?.p.14

G. Selected Bibliography

H. Web Information.

List of Figures Figure
Sample Pest Identification Request Letter .p.16 Figure 5.2 Sample Museum Integrated Pest Management Survey Formp.17

Handling, Packing, and Shipping

A. Introduction . p.1

B. Handling Objects.
Why are careful handling practices important? p.2 Who needs to learn safe handling practices? p.2 What basic practices can I use to safely handle and move objects in the museum? p.2 How should I proceed with moving an object? p.3 What are the basic rules for handling museum objects? p.4 What is the best way to protect an object I must pick up? . p.6 When should I wear gloves?. p.6 What should I do if I damage an object? . p.6 What personal health and safety issues should I consider when handling museum objects?. p.7

C. Moving Objects Within the Museum
What should I do before moving objects within the museum? . p.9 What do I need to know before moving objects?. p.9

D. Packing and Shipping Preparations
When would I need to pack and ship objects? p.11 Why is it important to properly pack objects for shipping? . p.11 How can I learn how to pack museum objects?. p.11 What kind of workspace do I need for packing? p.11 How much time should I allow for packing objects?. p.12 What do I need to consider before shipping? p.12 How do I determine if the object can be safely shipped? . p.12 How do I ship hazardous materials? . p.13 How should I document the condition of the objects? p.13

E. Packing and Shipping Materials
Why is it important to use the right packing and shipping materials? . p.13 What sources of packing materials are available?. p.13 What are good covering and wrapping materials?. p.14 What are good cushioning materials?. p.15 What materials make good interior boxes? . p.15 What kind of tape should I use on the box and the wrapping material? p.16 How should I select an exterior container? p.16 What kinds of containers do I use for objects that have different weights and sizes? . p.17 Can I build an exterior container? . p.17 Can I use a reusable shipping container? . p.17 How do I protect objects from environmental changes during shipping? p.17 How should I store packing materials? p.17

F. Packing for Shipping
How do I decide which way to position an object in a container?. p.18 How do I cover and wrap an object?. p.18 How should I cushion the object inside the container? p.19 What other techniques can I use to cushion objects and provide shock absorption? p.20 What should I do before closing the container?. p.22 Should I wrap and label the shipping container? . p.22 What should I put on the label on the exterior of the container? p.22 What kind of identification markings should I put on the box? p.23

G. Shipping Objects
What things should I consider if I use a professional packer/shipper? . p.23 What transportation alternatives are available for shipping museum objects? p.24 When should I use the U.S. Postal Service?. p.24 When should I use commercial package delivery services? p.24 When should I use an art shuttle van or special product truck?. p.25 When should I use airfreight?. p.25 Should I use a courier?. p.25

H. Receiving and Unpacking the Container.
How should I unpack a container? p.26 Should I check for insect infestation? p.27 What do I do if an object is damaged, lost, or destroyed during shipping?. p.27

I. Selected Bibliography . p.28

List of Figures Figure
Proper Handling Techniques p.1 Figure 6.2. Carts and Trays Minimize Handling p.2 Figure 6.3. Equipment and Supplies p.3 Figure 6.4. Hold Objects at the Strongest Point p.5 Figure 6.5. Wear Gloves and Use Both Hands. p.6 Figure 6.6. How to Lift Properly and Avoid Injury p.7 Figure 6.7. The Proper Way to Lift a Chair. p.8 Figure 6.8. The Proper Way to Lift a Small, Framed Photograph p.8 Figure 6.9. The Proper Way to Lift and Carry a Small Textile Object p.8 Figure 6.10. Use Trays and Padding to Prevent Damage. p.10 Figure 6.11. Pad and Separate Parts. p.19 Figure 6.12. Wrapping, Padding, and Packing for Shipping an Object p.20 Figure 6.13. Objects Double-boxed for Shipping. . p.21 Figure 6.14. Example of Written Handling Rules for NPS Park Collections. p.30

Collection Storage

A. Overview
What is museum collection storage?p.1 How does collection storage fit into my park’s preventive conservation program? p.1 What is a collection storage system?.p.1

B. Standards and Requirements for Collection Storage
What are the museum collection storage standards and requirements? .p.2 Where do I start in establishing my collection storage needs?p.3 What are the collection storage facility and space requirements?.p.3 How do I ensure that I have adequate space to store the collection? .p.3 What general building features contribute to storing the collection?p.3 What design loads should my storage space or facility have? p.5 Where do I find additional information on storage space requirements? .p.6 Why should my collection storage space be used exclusively for storing collections?.p.6 Where should I locate the research space? .p.6 Where should I locate work and office spaces?p.6 How do I establish proper physical security for the collection storage space?.p.6 How important is fire protection in the storage space? .p.6 What should the collection storage environment be? .p.7 What are museum storage equipment and container requirements? p.7 Does housekeeping have a role in collection storage?.p.7

C. Planning Collection Storage Space
How should I plan my museum storage space? .p.8 What is a Collection Storage Plan (CSP)? .p.8 What does the collection storage chapter or section of a CMP, CCS, or archival assessment contain?.p.9 Who can write a collection storage planning document? p.9 How much does a storage planning document cost? .p.9 Where do I get funding to do a collection storage planning document? p.9

D. Assessing Collection Storage Needs
How do I assess the collection? p.10 How do I assess physical security needs? p.10 How do I assess fire protection needs? p.11 How do I assess environmental monitoring and control needs? p.11 How do I assess museum storage equipment needs? p.13 How do I assess object storage techniques and methods? . p.14 Where do I include technical supporting information and drawings such as floor plans in the storage planning document? p.14

E. Assessing the Current Collection Storage Facility or Space.
How do I assess the existing storage facility or space?. p.14 How do I represent and record information about the storage space and structure? p.15

F. Planning a New or Upgraded Storage Space
How do I determine the storage equipment needed? p.16 How do I determine how much space is needed to store my collection? p.16 What process do I use to evaluate potential storage locations?. p.16 What storage space alternatives should be examined?. p.16 What occurs in the evaluation, development, and recommendation phases of a value analysis?. p.18 What other storage factors should I consider? p.18

G. Housing Museum Objects
Why is it important to use specialized museum storage equipment? . p.19 What types of equipment does the NPS use for storing museum collections? . p.19 What are some general considerations when using museum equipment?. p.20

H. Using Containers and Supports
Why is it important to use storage containers and supports?. p.21 What kinds of containers and supports should I use for storing museum collections? p.21 Where do I find information on techniques for storing different types of museum objects?. p.22

I. Storage of Museum Collections Subject to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA)
What is NAGPRA? . p.22 What types of items subject to NAGPRA are found in NPS museum collections? p.23 Are there any special storage requirements for items subject to NAGPRA? p.23 How should I store collections subject to NAGPRA?. p.23 Whom should I contact for assistance?.

J. Bibliography p.25

K. List of Figures p:28

Collection Security and Fire Protection

A. Overview
What is a comprehensive security system?p.1 How should I design an effective security system?.p.1 Who is responsible for security? .p.2 What information will I find in this chapter?.p.2

B. Legal, Regulatory and Policy Requirements
What laws and regulations do I need to know?.p.3 Which parts of the Department of the Interior\'s Manual address protecting museum collections?.p.3 Which sections of NPS Management Policies refer to protecting museum collections?p.3 Which Director’s Orders address protecting museum collections? p.4

C. Measuring the Effectiveness of a Security System.
What are the threats to museum collections?.p.5 What is risk assessment?p.6 How do I conduct a risk assessment?.p.7 How can I limit the risk? p.8 How often should I assess risk and what tools are available?p.9 How do I conduct a self-assessment? p.9 What is a security survey? p.9 How should I prepare for a survey? p.10 What should the survey report include?p.10 What is the final and most important step? .p.11

D. Fire Protection
Who is responsible for fire protection?p.12 What are the precautions for construction and renovation? .p.13 What about open flames in structures?.p.13 What\'s the threat from fires? .p.14 What should a structural fire plan cover?p.14 How do I limit fire risk? p.15 What constitutes a good fire prevention program? .p.15 Is a fire detection system essential? .p.16 Who should monitor a detection system? .p.16 Why should I contact the local fire service provider?p.16 What types of fire detectors are available? .p.17 What about maintenance and testing?p.18 How important is fire suppression? .p.19 Are fire extinguishers enough?p.19 Who should know how to use a fire extinguisher?p.19 What is the most common type of extinguisher? p.20 What about Halon extinguishers? .p.20 What are the maintenance and testing requirements? .p.20 What about standpipe and hose systems? .p.20 What about sprinkler systems? .p.20 What about water damage and accidental discharges? .p.21 What about other automatic suppression systems? .p.21 What do I need to know about installing mobile compact shelving?.p.22 What about salvage after the fire? p.23 Where can I get help? .p.24

E. Operational Security .
What are some of the design issues I should consider?.p.24 What should I cover in our day-to-day operational policies and procedures? p.25 What should I include in an access policy?.p.25 What else should I do regarding access? .p.26 Why should I be concerned about key control? p.26 How do I control keys? p.27 What should I do to safeguard keys?p.27 What about access to keys in emergencies?p.28 How do I ensure accountability? .p.28 What should I do if a key is lost or stolen?p.28 Are combination locks better than keyed locks?.p.28 What should I include in opening and closing procedures?p.29 What else should I include in the opening and closing procedures?p.29 What about the park\'s crime prevention and physical security plans? .p.30 What should I include in the Emergency Operations Plan?p.31 What should I include in staff training? .p.31 Where can I get help? .p.32

F. Physical Security
What is physical security? .p.32 What are the tools of physical security?p.32 Why do I need barriers? p.32 How many barriers are enough?.p.33 Why do I need locks? p.33 What criteria should I use in selecting locks? .p.34 What is required for museum storage spaces? p.34 Why is an effective lighting system important? .p.34 Is lighting always necessary?p.35 What about light for closed circuit television (CCTV)?p.35 What is the value of human presence?.p.35 Where can I get help? .p.35

G. Electronic Security Systems
What is the threat? p.36 How vulnerable is the collection?p.36 Are there restrictions on the installation? p.36 What should the system do? .p.37 What factors influence a system\'s design? .p.38 What are the types of intrusion detection devices?.p.40 What are the most common causes of a false alarm?p.44 What can I do to reduce the number of false alarms? p.44 What are other design considerations?.p.44 Where can I get help? .p.45

H. Protecting Collections in Transit .
What are the object\'s characteristics?.p.46 What means of transportation should I select?.p.46 How should objects be handled in transit?p.46 Is chain of custody important?.p.46 What about intermediate stops?p.46 What about delivery time?.p.47 Where can I get help? .p.47

I. Reporting and Recovering Stolen Museum Objects .
What should I do if I suspect a theft? p.47 How do I report a theft to outside agencies.p.47 How should I handle the news media after a theft? p.48 J. Museum Collection Records p.48 Why are the records important?p.48 When should I use the camera?p.48 Should I review my museum records protection program?.p.49 Where can I get help? .p.49 K. World Wide Web Resources.p.50

L. Selected Bibliography p.50

M. Endnotes .p.51

List of Figures Figure
Security Bull’s-eye.p.2 Figure 9.2 Threats to Museum Collections p.6 Figure 9.3 Major Causes of Museum Fires p.13 Figure 9.4 Types of Fire Detectors.p.18 Figure 9.5 Types of Intrusion Detection Devices p.41

Collector Health and Safety

A. Overview
What information will I find in this chapter? p.1 What kinds of health and safety hazards will I find in museum collections?p.1 What is the goal of a health and safety program?.p.2 What are the general categories of occupational hazards?.p.2

B. Understanding Health and Safety Issues
What basic occupational health concepts should I understand?p.3 How will I know that I am being exposed to hazardous materials?p.4 How does the body absorb substances?.p.4 How do I evaluate the degree of a health hazard?p.4 What is the Job Hazard Analysis?p.5

C. Controlling Exposure to Hazardous Substances.
How do I control exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace? p.6 How do I limit the use of hazardous material? p.7 What kinds of ventilation systems are available? .p.7 How do I install proper ventilation?.p.8 When should I wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)? p.8 What are respiratory protective devices? .p.9 How do I select a respirator?p.9 How do I know which gloves to wear? p.10 What good housekeeping and personal hygiene habits do I need to develop?p.10 How do I store, handle, and label hazardous material?.p.10 How do I dispose of hazardous waste?.p.10

D. Hazardous Chemicals and Materials Used in Collections Care
What solvents are used regularly? .p.11 What fumigants and other pesticides do museums use? p.12 What should I know about pesticide use?.p.12 Are there special precautions for using silica gel in exhibition and storage cases?p.13 What is the Hazard Communication Standard? p.14 What is a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)? .p.14 How do I get and maintain a MSDS?p.15 How should I label hazardous substances?.p.15 What is the NFPA Hazard Symbol? .p.16 How can I get occupational safety and health training? p.16

E. Hazardous Objects in Collections.
What type of hazardous objects are in collections? p.17 Why should I be concerned about pesticide residues in biological specimens and organic ethnographic and historic objects? p.17 What do I do if I have specimens contaminated with arsenic?p.18 How do I identify specimens that are contaminated with arsenic?.p.18 What hazards will I find in geological collections? p.19 Why are cellulose nitrate and diacetate negatives hazardous?.p.20 How can I protect myself when working with cellulose nitrate and acetate film?p.20 What particular concerns should I have with archival records?.p.21 What do I need to know about firearms and live ammunition?p.21 What do I need to know about small arms ammunition?.p.22 What do I need to know about unexploded munitions?.p.23 What types of hazardous medical objects and drugs/chemicals are in collections?.p.23 What should I do with medical objects and drugs/chemicals?.p.24 What should I do with original containers?p.25

F. Safety Rules for Lifting and Carrying .
How should I plan for lifting and moving objects?.p.26 How do I lift and carry an object safely? .p.27 How do I reach for an object safely?.p.27

G. Workspace Conditions
What makes a safe and healthy curatorial workspace? p.27 When should I worry about radon?.p.27 How do I know if there is radon in my workspace?p.28 What do I do if there is a radon problem in the workspace?p.28

H. Glossary* .p.29

I. Web Resources p.30

J. Selected Bibliography .p.31

K. List of Figures

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