What is Hunter’s syndrome?

Deficiency of iduronate sulfatase, causing buildup of heparan and dermatan sulfate; mental retardation, coarse facial features, short stature; X-linked recessive

What major metabolic pathway is regulated by citrate synthase?

Citric acid cycle

Your examination reveals a cherry red spot on the infant’s macula. What genetic disease could he have?

Tay-Sachs disease or Niemann-Pick disease

Which enzymes regulate gluconeogenesis?

Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-phosphatase

Which enzyme regulates lipolysis?

Carnitine acyltransferase

What components of the coagulation cascade convert plasminogen to plasmin?

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase plasminogen activator

What is plasmin?

Plasmin is a protease that digests fibrin in blood clots. Plasmin is generated from plasminogen by plasminogen activator.

What is antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is a prothrombotic disorder caused by autoantibodies that activate platelets

What is the mechanism of action of heparin?

Heparin enhances the activity of antithrombin III

Which immune cell is the major mediator of the allergic response?

Basophil

Which immune cell is involved in transplant rejection?

T cell

What is the role of the mast cell?

Major mediator of the type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Which immune cell is the major mediator of the antiparasitic response?

Eosinophil

Which immune cells contain granules of histamine and heparin?

Mast cells and basophils

What is a Ruffini’s corpuscle?

Encapsulated receptor that detects pressure

What is the function of retinal rods?

Sensitive to low-intensity light, including night vision

Which muscle and spinal level is tested by the biceps jerk reflex?

Biceps, C5-C6

Which muscle and spinal level is tested by the forearm jerk reflex?

Brachioradialis, C5-C6

Which meningeal space contains the cerebrospinal fluid?

Subarachnoid space between the pia and arachnoid

What is decorticate rigidity?

Arms flexed inward on the chest, hands clenched, legs extended. Posturing caused by a transecting lesion above the level of the midbrain.

What is an oligodendrocyte?

Produces myelin of the CNS

What blood vessel supplies the leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices?

Anterior cerebral artery

Where do the fibers of the lateral corticospinal tract cross the midline?

Medullary pyramids

What type of motor neuron sign is Babinski’s sign (upgoing toes)?

Upper motor neuron sign

What type of motor neuron sign is areflexia?

Lower motor neuron sign

What type of motor neuron sign is hyperreflexia?

Upper motor neuron sign

What is the mechanism of action of celecoxib?

COX-2 inhibitor; indicated for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis; less gastrointestinal ulcers than aspirin, platelet dysfunction

What is the embryonic precursor of the trabeculated part of left ventricle?

Primitive ventricle

What embryonic structure gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Truncus arteriosus

The primitive atria is the embryonic precursor to what part of the mature heart?

Trabeculated parts of left and right atria

A patient with arm claudication, syncope, vertigo, nausea, and a supraclavicular bruit has what syndrome?

Subclavian steal syndrome caused by occlusion in subclavian artery, resulting in retrograde "stealing" of blood flow through the vertebral artery.

What electrical event causes the PR interval on the electrocardiogram?

Conduction through AV node

What type of cardiomyopathy is associated with Coxsackie virus B and with Trypanosoma cruzi?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

What chemotherapeutic agent is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy?

Doxorubicin

What is the most common cause of myocarditis worldwide?

Trypanosoma cruzii

What are the components of an arterial atheroma?

Superficial fibrous cap over a necrotic core

32 year old hepatitis B positive male with fever, hypertension; neutrophilia, P-ANCA positive. What is the diagnosis?

Polyarteritis nodosa

What is the effect of epinephrine on the pupils?

Mydriasis without cycloplegia (loss of accommodation)