1958 Map / Plan of OLD TOWN ALBUQUERQUE, New Mexico -

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Albuquerque (pronounced /ˈælbəkɝki/, Spanish IPA: [alβuˈkeɾke]; known as Bee'eldííldahsinil in Navajo) is the largest city in the state of New Mexico, United States. It is the county seat of Bernalillo County and is situated in the central part of the state, straddling the Rio Grande. The city population was 518,271 as of July 1, 2007 U.S. census estimates ^[1] and ranks as the 34th-largest city in the U.S. As of June 2007, the city was the 6th fastest growing in America.^[4] With a metropolitan population of 835,120 as of July 1, 2007,^[2] Albuquerque is the 60th-largest United States metropolitan area. The Albuquerque MSA population includes the city of Rio Rancho, one of the fastest growing cities in the United States, and a hub for many master-planned communities that are expected to draw future businesses and residents to the area.

Albuquerque is home to the University of New Mexico (UNM) and Kirtland Air Force Base as well as the Sandia National Laboratories and Petroglyph National Monument. The Sandia Mountains run along the eastern side of Albuquerque, and the Rio Grande flows through the city, north to south.

History

Early settlers

The city was founded in 1706 as the Spanish colonial outpost of Ranchos de Alburquerque; present-day Albuquerque retains much of the Spanish cultural and historical heritage.

Albuquerque was a farming community and strategically located military outpost along the Camino Real. The town of Alburquerque was built in the traditional Spanish village pattern: a central plaza surrounded by government buildings, homes, and a church. This central plaza area has been preserved and is open to the public as a museum, cultural area, and center of commerce. It is referred to as "Old Town Albuquerque" or simply "Old Town." "Old Town" was sometimes referred to as "La Placita" ("little plaza" in Spanish).

The village was named by the provincial governor Don Francisco Cuervo y Valdes in honour of Don Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, viceroy of New Spain from 1653 to 1660. One of de la Cueva's aristocratic titles was Duke of Alburquerque, referring to the Spanish town of Alburquerque. The first "r" in "Alburquerque" was dropped at some point in the 19th century, supposedly by an Anglo-American railroad station-master unable to pronounce the city's name correctly. Some New Mexicans still prefer the spelling Alburquerque; see for example the book by that name by Rudolfo Anaya. In the 1990s, the Central Avenue Trolley Buses were emblazoned with the name Alburquerque (with two "r"s) in honor of the city's historic name.^{[citation needed]}

The Alburquerque family name dates from pre-12th century Iberia (Spain and Portugal) and is habitational in nature (de Alburquerque = from Alburquerque). The Spanish village of Alburquerque is within the Badajoz province of Spain, and located just fifteen miles (24 km) from the Portuguese border. Cork trees dominate the landscape and Alburquerque is a center of the Spanish cork industry.^[5] Over the years, this region has been alternately under both Spanish and Portuguese rule. (It is interesting to note that the Portuguese spelling has only one 'r'). Historically, the land around Alburquerque was invaded and settled by the Moors (711 AD) and the Romans (218 BC) before them. Thus, the word Alburquerque may be rooted in the Arabic (Moorish) 'Abu al-Qurq', which means "father of the cork oak", or "land of the cork oak" (the land as father - fatherland). Alternately, it may be Latin (Roman) in origin and from 'albus quercus' or "white oak" (the wood of the cork oak is white after the bark has been removed). The seal of the Spanish village of Alburquerque is a white oak tree, framed by a shield, topped by a crown.^[6]

During the Civil War Albuquerque was occupied in February 1862 by Confederate troops under General Henry Hopkins Sibley, who soon afterwards advanced with his main body into northern New Mexico. During his retreat from Union troops into Texas he made a stand on April 8, 1862 at Albuquerque. A day-long engagement at long range led to few casualties against a detachment of Union soldiers commanded by Colonel Edward R. S. Canby.

When the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad arrived in 1880, it bypassed the Plaza, locating the passenger depot and railyards about 2 miles (3 km) east in what quickly became known as New Albuquerque or New Town. To quell its then rising violent crime rate, gunman Milt Yarberry was appointed the town's first Marshal that same year. New Albuquerque was incorporated as a town in 1885, with Henry N. Jaffa its first mayor, and incorporated as a city in 1891.^{[7]:232–233} Old Town remained a separate community until the 1920s when it was absorbed by the City of Albuquerque. Albuquerque High School, the city's first public high school, was established in 1879.

Early 20th century

Depiction of Central Avenue, circa early 20th century

New Albuquerque quickly became a tidy southwestern town which by 1900 boasted a population of 8,000 inhabitants and all the modern amenities including an electric street railway connecting Old Town, New Town, and the recently established UNM campus on the East Mesa. In 1902 the famous Alvarado Hotel was built adjacent to the new passenger depot and remained a symbol of the city until it was torn down in 1970 to make room for a parking lot. In 2002, the Alvarado Transportation Center was built on the site in a manner resembling the old landmark. The large metro station functions as the downtown headquarters for the city's transit department, and serves as an intermodal hub for local buses, Greyhound buses, Amtrak passenger trains, and the Rail Runner commuter rail line.

New Mexico's dry climate brought many tuberculosis patients to the city in search of a cure during the early 1900s, and several sanitaria sprang up on the West Mesa to serve them. Presbyterian Hospital and St. Joseph Hospital, two of the largest hospitals in the Southwest, had their beginnings during this period. Influential New Deal-era governor Clyde Tingley and famed southwestern architect John Gaw Meem were among those brought to New Mexico by tuberculosis.

Decades of growth

On June 2007 Albuquerque was listed as the 6th fastest growing city in America by CNN and the US Census Bureau.^[4]

The first travelers on Route 66 appeared in Albuquerque in 1926, and before long dozens of motels, restaurants, and gift shops had sprung up along the roadside to serve them. Route 66 originally ran through the city on a north-south alignment along Fourth Street, but in 1937 it was realigned along Central Avenue, a more direct east-west route. The intersection of Fourth and Central downtown was the principal crossroads of the city for decades. The majority of the surviving structures from the Route 66 era are on Central, though there are also some on Fourth. Signs between Bernalillo and Los Lunas along the old route now have brown, historical highway markers denoting it as Pre-1937 Route 66.

The establishment of Kirtland Air Force Base in 1939, Sandia Base in the early 1940s, and Sandia National Laboratories in 1949, would make Albuquerque a key player of the Atomic Age. Meanwhile, the city continued to expand outward onto the West Mesa, reaching a population of 201,189 by 1960. In 1990 it was 384,736 and in 2007 it was 523,590.

Albuquerque's downtown entered the same phase and development (decline, "urban renewal" with continued decline, and gentrification) as nearly every city across the United States. As Albuquerque spread outward, the downtown area fell into a decline. Many historic buildings were razed in the 1960s and 1970s to make way for new plazas, high-rises, and parking lots as part of the city's urban renewal phase. Only recently has downtown come to regain much of its urban character, mainly through the construction of many new loft apartment buildings and the renovation of historic structures like the KiMo Theater, in the gentrification phase.

New millennium

During the 21st century, the Albuquerque population has continued to grow rapidly. The population of the city proper is estimated at 518,271 in 2007, up from 448,607 in the 2000 census.^[1] The metropolitan area population is estimated at 835,120 in 2007, up from 729,649 in the 2000 census. ^[2]

During 2005 and 2006, the city celebrated its tricentennial with a diverse program of cultural events.

Urban trends and issues

Government leaders and many citizens in the city have actively pursued urban projects taken on by cities many times larger^{[citation needed]}. This has resulted in the somewhat successful revitalization of downtown, creating restaurants, offices, and residential lofts. The strip of Central Avenue between First and Eighth streets has become a hub of urban life. Alvarado provides convenient access to other parts of the city via ABQ RIDE the city bus system. The city wants to provide better public transportation opportunities to ease the city's growing traffic woes. A street car is being considered and would initially extend up the Central Avenue corridor from the westside, through downtown, past UNM and the Nob Hill district, and into the Uptown Area.^[8]

Many citizens fear Albuquerque may be growing beyond its means. A majority of residents want to avoid increasing crime and traffic, worsening air quality, stressing water supplies, and encroaching on the natural environment. Many feel these are the negative consequences of persistent sprawl development patterns.^{[citation needed]}

On March 23, 2007, the city's mayor Martin Chavez announced his plan to brand the city "the Q". Despite various opinions as to what the city's nickname should be, Mayor Chavez is continuing to push his initiative.

Soy de Burque, "I am from Burque", is one response to the mayor's vision of a "hip" reincarnation".^[9] This group of Albuquerque’s residents feels it is unnecessary to spend taxpayer money to hire marketing companies to brand their city with a more palatable nickname, recognizing the city already has a brand and nickname. This selling of a city’s cultural identity to marketing and advertising firms to brand and sell has been dubbed by Soy de Burque as culture branding. One central issue to their response is the branding campaign was never voted on, but rather declared by Mayor Chavez,^[10] and outsourced to marketing and advertising firms.

The passage of the Planned Growth Strategy in 2002-2004 marked the community's strongest effort to create a framework for a more balanced and sustainable approach to urban growth.^[11]

"A critical finding of the study is that many of the 'disconnects' between the public's preferences and what actually is taking place are caused by weak or non-existent implementation tools - rather than by inadequate policies, as contained in the City/County Comprehensive Plan and other already adopted legislation."

Urban sprawl is limited on three sides by the Pueblo of Sandia to the north, the Pueblo of Isleta and Kirtland Air Force Base to the south, and the Sandia Mountains to the east. Suburban growth continues at a strong pace to the west beyond the Petroglyph National Monument, once thought to be a natural boundary to sprawl development.^[12]

Because of cheaper land and lower taxes, much of the growth in the metropolitan area is taking place outside of the City of Albuquerque itself. In Rio Rancho to the northwest, the communities east of the mountains, and the incorporated parts of Valencia County, population growth rates approach twice that of the city. The primary cities in Valencia County are Los Lunas and Belen, both of which are home to growing industrial complexes and new residential subdivisions. The Mid Region Council of Governments (MRCOG), which includes constituents from throughout the Albuquerque area, was formed to insure that these governments along the middle Rio Grande would be able to meet the needs of their rapidly rising populations. MRCOG's cornerstone project is the New Mexico Rail Runner Express.

TIMELINE OF THE HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

• c. 25000 B.C. - Sandia people leave earliest evidence of human existence in what is now New Mexico.
• c. 10000-9000 B.C. - Clovis hunters roam area in search of mammoth, bison and other game.
• c. 9000-8000 B.C. - Folsom people flourish throughout Southwest at the end of the last Ice Age.
• c. 10000-500 B.C. - Cochise people are first inhabitants to cultivate corn, squash and beans, the earliest evidence of agriculture in the Southwest.
• A.D. 300-1400 - Mogollon culture introduces highly artistic pottery and early architecture in the form of pit houses.
• A.D. 1-700 - Anasazi basketmakers elevate weaving to a high art, creating baskets, clothing, sandals and utensils.
• A.D. 700-1300 - Anasazi culture culminates in the highly developed Chaco Civilization.
• A.D. 1200-1500s - Pueblo Indians establish villages along the Rio Grande and its tributaries.

16th century

• 1536 - Cabeza de Vaca, Estevan the Moor and two others reach Culiacdn, Mexico, after possibly crossing what is now southern New Mexico, and begin rumors of the Seven Cities of Cibola.
• 1539 - Fray Marcos de Niza and Estevan lead expedition to find Cibola and reach the Zuni village of Hawikuh, where Estevan is killed.
• 1540-42 - Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores area from Gulf of California to present-day Kansas, discovers the Grand Canyon.
• 1580-81 - Fray Agustin Rodriguez leads expedition to New Mexico; four members of the party killed by Indians.
• 1582-83 - Fray Bernadino Beltran and Fray Antonio de Espejo lead expedition to New Mexico to search for survivors of the ill-fated Rodriguez mission.
• 1598 - Juan de Onate establishes the first Spanish capital of San Juan de los Caballeros at the Tewa village of Ohke north of present-day Espanola
• 1599 -
  • Battle at Aroma between natives and Spaniards
  • Seeds of Pueblo Revolt sown.

17th century

• 1600 - San Gabriel, second capital of New Mexico, is founded at the confluence of the Rio Grande and the Chama River.
• 1601 -
  • Mass desertion of San Gabriel by colonists
  • New recruits front Spain and Mexico sent to reinforce colony.
• 1605 - Onate expedition to the Colorado River; visits El Morro, leaves message on Inscription Rock.
• 1608 -
  • Onate removed as governor and sent to Mexico City to be tried for mistreatment of the Indians and abuse of power.
  • Decision made by Spanish Crown to continue settlement of New Mexico as a royal province.
• 1609-10 -
  • Gov. Pedro de Peralta establishes a new capital at Santa Fe.
  • Construction begins on the Palace of the Governors.
  • Gaspar de Villagra publishes epic history on the founding of New Mexico, the first book printed about any area in the modern United States.
• 1626 - Spanish Inquisition established in New Mexico.
• 1641 - Gov. Luis de Rosas assassinated by colonists during conflict between the church and state.
• 1680 -August 10 - Pueblo Indian Revolt Spanish survivors flee to El Paso del Norte.
• Late 1600's - Navajos, Apaches, lies, and Comanches begin raids against Pueblo Indians.
• 1692-93 -
  • September 14, 1692, Don Diegode Vargas proclaimed a formal act of possession and recolonizes Santa Fe.
  • Spanish civilization returns to New Mexico.
• 1695 - Santa Cruz de la Cahada (Canada) founded.
• 1696 - Second Pueblo Revolt; efforts thwarted by Gov. De Vargas.

18th century

• 1706 - Villa de Albuquerque founded.
• 1743 - French trappers reach Santa Fe and begin limited trade with the Spanish.
• 1776 - Franciscan friars Dominguez and Escalante explore route from out New Mexico to California.
• 1786 - Gov. Juan Bautista de Anza makes peace with the Comanches.
• 1793 - First school text printed in New Mexico by Padre Antonio Jose Martinez of Taos.

19th century

• 1807 -
  • Zebulon Pike leads first Anglo American expedition into New Mexico.
  • Publishes account of way of life in New Mexico upon return to U.S.
• 1821 -
  • Mexico declares independence from Spain.
  • Santa Fe Trail opened to international trade.
• 1828 - First major gold discovery in western U. S. made in Ortiz Mountains south of Santa Fe.
• 1837 - Chimayo Revolt against Mexican taxation leads to the assassination of Gov. Albino Perez and top officials.
• 1841 -
  • Texas soldiers invade New Mexico and claim all land east of the Rio Grande.
  • Efforts thwarted by Gov. Manuel Armijo.
• 1846 -
  • Mexican-American War begins.
  • Stephen Watts Kearny annexes New Mexico to the United States.
• 1847 -
  • Taos Rebellion against the U.S. military.
  • Gov. Chat Charles Bent killed.
• 1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican-American War.
• 1850 - September 9 - New Mexico (which included present-day Arizona, southern Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada) is designated a territory but denied statehood.
• 1851 - Bishop Jean Baptiste Lamy arrives in New Mexico and establishes schools, hospitals and orphanages throughout the territory
• 1854 - The Gadsden Purchase front Mexico adds 45,000 square miles to the territory
• 1861 -
  • July - Confederates invade New Mexico front Texas.
  • The Confederate Territory of Arizona is declared with the capital at La Mesilla.
  • Territory of Colorado is created. New Mexico loses extreme northern-most section to the new territory
• 1862 - February 12 - Battles of Velarde de and Glorieta Pass fought, ends confederate occupation of New Mexico.
• 1863-68 - Known as the "Long Walk," Navajos and Apaches are relocated to Bosque Redondo: finally allowed to return to their homelands after thousands die of disease and starvation.
• 1863 -
  • New Mexico is partitioned in half.
  • Territory of Arizona is created.
• 1878 -
  • The railroad arrives in New Mexico, opening full-scale trade and migration from the east and midwest.
  • Lincoln County War erupts in southeast New Mexico
• 1881 - Billy the Kid shot by Sheriff Pat Garrett in Fort Sumner N.M.
• 
  
1886 - Geronimo surrenders; Indian hostilities cease in the Southwest.
• 1898 - First movie filmed in New Mexico, Indian Day School by Thomas A. Edison.

20th century

• 1906 - People of New Mexico and Arizona vote on issue of joint statehood, New Mexico voting in favor and Arizona against.
• 1911 - January 21 -New Mexico Constitution drafted in preparation for statehood.
• 1912 - January 6 - New Mexico admitted to the Union as the 47th state.
• 1916 - March 16 - Pancho Villa raids Columbus, N.M.
• 
  
1920 - Adoption of the l9th Amendment gives women the right to vote.
• 1922 - Secretary of State Soledad Chacon and Superintendent of Public Instruction Isabel Eckles elected first women to hold statewide office.
• 1923-24 - Oil is discovered on the Navajo Reservation.
• 1930-43 -
  • Great Depression.
  • Federal New Deal funds provide employment for many and causes numerous public buildings to be constructed.
• 1942-45 -
  • New Mexico soldiers serving in the 200th Coast Artillery during World War II are captured by the Japanese and forced to endure the Bataan Death March.
  • Navajo "Codetalkers" are influential in helping end the war.
  • Secret atomic laboratories established at Los Alamos.
• 1945 - World's first atomic bomb detonated at Trinity Site in southern New Mexico after its development at Los Alamos.
• 1947 - UFO allegedly crashes between Roswell and Corona, believers claim U.S. government institutes massive coverup of the incident.
• 1948 - Native Americans will the right to vote in state elections.
• 195O - Uranium discovered near Grants.
• 1957 - Buddy Holly records Peggy Sue at Norman Petty Studio in Clovis.
• 1966 - New state capitol, the "Roundhouse," is dedicated.
• 1969 - Proposed new state constitution is rejected by voters.
• 1982 - Space shuttle Columbia lands at White Sands Space Harbor oil Holloman Air Force Base near Alamogordo.
• 1992 - New Mexico observes Columbus Quincentenary, welcomes Cristobal Colon XX, direct descendent of Christopher Columbus.
• 1994 - North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) increased trade with Mexico.
• 1998 - New Mexico celebrates its cuartocentenario, 400th anniversary commemorating its 1598 founding by Juan de Onate.