Introductory

Page 1

I.

On Tools Generally

Page 7

Varied Requirements. List of Tools. Swivel Vises. Parts of Lathe. Chisels. Grinding Apparatus. Large Machines. Chucks. Bench Tools. Selecting a Lathe. Combination Square. Micrometers. Protractors. Utilizing Bevel Protractors. Truing Grindstones. Sets of Tools. The Work Bench. The Proper Dimensions. How Arranged.

II.

How to Grind and Sharpen Tools

Page 26

Importance of the Cutting Tool. The Grinder. Correct Use of Grinder. Lathe Bitts. Roughing Tools. The Clearance. The Cutting Angle. Drills. Wrong Grinding. Chisels. Cold Chisels. System in Work. Wrong Use of Tools.

III.

Setting and Holding Tools

Page 34

Lathe Speed. The Hack-saw. Hack-saw Frame. The Blade. Files. Grindstones. Emery and Grinding Wheels. Carelessness in Holding Tools. Calipers. Care in Use of Calipers. Machine Bitts. The Proper Angle for Lathe Tools. Setting the Bitt. The Setting Angle. Bad Practice. Proper Lathe Speeds. Boring Tools on Lathe. The Rake of the Drill. Laps. Using the Lap. Surface Gages. Uses of the Surface Gage.

p. ii

IV.

On the First Use of the File

Page 48

The First Test. Filing an Irregular Block. Filing a Bar Straight. Filing Bar with Parallel Sides. Surfacing Off Disks. True Surfacing. Precision Tools. Test of the Mechanic. Test Suggestions. Use of the Dividers. Cutting a Key-way. Key-way Difficulties. Filing Metal Round. Kinds of Files. Cotter-file. Square. Pinion. Half-round. Round. Triangular. Equalizing. Cross. Slitting. Character of File Tooth. Double Cut. Float-cut. Rasp Cut. Holding the File. Injuring Files. Drawing Back the File.

V.

How to Commence Work

Page 61

Familiarity with Tools. File Practice. Using the Dividers. Finding Centers. Hack-saw Practice. Cutting Metal True. Lathe Work. First Steps. Setting the Tool. Metals Used. The Four Important Things. Turning Up a Cylinder. Turning Grooves. Disks. Lathe Speeds.

VI.

Illustrating Some of the Fundamental Devices

Page 68

Belt Lacing. Gears. Crown Wheel. Grooved Friction Gearing. A Valve which Closes by the Water Pressure. Cone Pulleys. Universal Joint. Trammel for Making Ellipses. Escapements. Simple Device to Prevent a Wheel or Shaft from Turning Back. Racks and Pinions. Mutilated Gears. Simple Shaft Coupling. Clutches. Ball and Socket Joints. Tripping Devices. Anchor Bolt. Lazy Tongs. Disk Shears. Wabble Saw. Crank Motion by a Slotted Yoke. Continuous Feed by Motion of a Lever. Crank Motion. Ratchet Head.p. iii Bench Clamp. Helico-volute Spring. Double helico-volute. Helical Spring. Single Volute Helix Spring. Flat Spiral, or Convolute. Eccentric Rod and Strap. Anti-dead Center for Lathe.

VII.

Properties of Materials

Page 79

Elasticity. Traction. Torsion. Flexure. Tenacity. The Most Tenacious Metal. Ductility. Malleability. Hardness. Alloys. Resistance. Persistence. Conductivity. Equalization. Reciprocity. Molecular Forces. Attraction. Cohesion. Adhesion. Affinity. Porosity. Compressibility. Elasticity. Inertia. Momentum. Weight. Centripetal Force. Centrifugal Force. Capillary Attraction. The Sap of Trees. Sound. Acoustics. Sound Mediums. Vibration. Velocity of Sound. Sound Reflections. Resonance. Echos. Speaking Trumpet. The Stethoscope. The Vitascope. The Phonautograph. The Phonograph. Light. The Corpuscular Theory. Undulatory Theory. Luminous Bodies. Velocity of Light. Reflection. Refraction. Colors. The Spectroscope. The Rainbow. Heat. Expansion.

VIII.

How Draughting Becomes a Valuable Aid

Page 95

Lines in Drawing. Shading. Direction of Shade. Perspectives. The Most Pronounced Lines. Direction of Light. Scale Drawings. Degree, and What it Means. Memorizing Angles. Section Lining. Making Ellipses and Irregular Curves. Focal Points. Isometric and Perspective. The Protractor. Suggestions in Drawing. Holding the Pen. Inks. Tracing Cloth. Detail Paper. How to Proceed. Indicating Material by Section Lines.p. iv

IX.

Treatment and Use of Metals

Page 112

Annealing. Toughness and Elasticity. The Process. Tempering. Tempering Contrasted with Annealing. Materials Used. Gradual Tempering. Fluxing. Uniting Metals. Alloying Method. Welding. Sweating. Welding Compounds. Oxidation. Soldering. Soft Solder. Hard Solder. Spelter. Soldering Acid. The Soldering Iron.

X.

On Gearing, and How Ordered

Page 121

Spur and Pinion. Measuring a Gear. Pitch. Diametral Pitch. Circular Pitch. How to Order a Gear. Bevel and Miter Gears. Drawing Gears. Sprocket Wheels.

XI.

Mechanical Power

Page 128

The Lever. Wrong Inferences from Use of Lever. The Lever Principle. Powers vs. Distance Traveled. Power vs. Loss of Time. Wrongly-Directed Energy. The Lever and the Pulley. Sources of Power. Water Power. Calculating Fuel Energy. The Pressure or Head. Fuels. Power from Winds. Speed of Wind and Pressure. Varying Degrees of Pressure. Power from Waves and Tides. A Profitable Field.

XII.

On Measures

Page 139

Horse Power. Foot Pounds. Energy. How to Find Out the Power Developed. The Test. Calculations. The Foot Measure. Weight. The Gallon. The Metric System. Basis of Measurement. Metrical Table, Showing Measurements in Feet and Inches.p. v

XIII.

Useful Information for the Workshop

Page 148

Finding the Circumference of a Circle. Diameter of a Circle. Area of a Circle. Area of a Triangle. Surface of a Ball. Solidity of a Sphere. Contents of a Cone. Capacity of a Pipe. Capacity of Tanks. To Toughen Aluminum. Amalgams. Prevent Boiler Scaling. Diamond Test. Making Glue Insoluble in Water. Taking Glaze Out of Grindstone. To Find Speeds of Pulleys. To Find the Diameters Required. To Prevent Belts from Slipping. Removing Boiler Scale. Gold Bronze. Cleaning Rusted Utensils. To Prevent Plaster of Paris from Setting Quickly. The Measurement of Liquids with Spoons.

XIV.

Simplicity of Great Inventions and of Nature's Manifestation

Page 152

Invention Precedes Science. Simplicity in Inventions. The Telegraph. Telephone. Transmitter. Phonograph. Wireless Telegraphy. Printing Telegraph. Electric Motor. Explosions. Vibrations in Nature. Qualities of Sound. The Photographer's Plate. Quadruplex Telegraphy. Electric Harmony. Odors. Odophone. A Bouquet of Vibrations. Taste. Color.

XV.

Workshop Recipes and Formulas

Page 160

Adhesives for Various Uses. Belt Glue. Cements. Transparent Cement. U. S. Government Gum. To Make Different Alloys. Bell-metal. Brass. Bronzes. Boiler Compounds. Celluloid. Clay Mixture for Forges. Modeling Clay. Fluids for Cleaning Clothes, Furniture, etc. Disinfectants. Deodorants. Emery for Lapping Purposes. Explosives. Fulminates. Files, and How top. vi Keep Clean. Renewing Files. Fire-proof Materials or Substances. Floor Dressings. Stains. Foot Powders. Frost Bites. Glass. To Frost. How to Distinguish. Iron and Steel. To Soften Castings. Lacquers. For Aluminum and Brass. Copper. Lubricants. Paper. Photography. Plasters. Plating, Coloring Metals. Polishes. Putty. Rust Preventives. Solders. Soldering Fluxes. Steel Tempering. Varnishes. Sealing Wax.

XVI.

Handy Tables

Page 178

Table of Weights for Round and Square Steel. Table of Weight of Flat Steel Bars. Avoirdupois Weight. Troy Weight. Apothecaries' Weight. Linear Measure. Long Measure. Square Measure. Solid or Cubic Measure. Dry Measure. Liquid Measure. Paper Measure. Table of Temperatures. Strength of Various Metals. Freezing Mixtures. Ignition Temperatures. Power and Heat Equivalents.

XVII.

Inventions and Patents, and Information About the Rights and Duties of Inventors and Workmen

Page 188

The Machinist's Opportunities. What is an Inventor? Idea Not Invention. What an Invention Must Have. Obligation of the Model Builder. Paying for Developing Devices. Time for Filing an Application. Selling an Unpatented Invention. Joint Inventors. Joint Owners Not Partners. Partnerships in Patents. Form of Protection Issued by the Government. Life of a Patent. Interference Proceedings. Concurrent Applications. Granting Interference. Steps in Interference. First Sketches. First Model. First Operative Machine.p. vii Preliminary Statements. Proving Invention. What Patents Are Issued For. Owner's Rights. Divided and Undivided Patents. Assignments. How Made. What an Invention Must Have. Basis for Granting Patent in the United States. Reasons for Granting Abroad. Original Grants of Patents. International Agreement. Application for Patents. Course of Procedure. Costs. Filing a Matter of Secrecy.

Glossary of Words

Page 195

Index

Page 213

FIG.

PAGE

1.

Bench vise

8

2.

Pipe grip for vise

9

3.

Swivel vise

10

4.

Speed lathe

11

5.

Calipers

12

6.

Engine lathe

13

7.

Center gage

14

8.

Pocket screw and wire gage

15

9.

Handy bench vise

16

10.

Combination square

17

11.

Uses of the combination square

18

12.

A quick adjusting micrometer

19

13.

Universal bevel protractor

20

14.

Uses of universal bevel protractor

21

15.

Grindstone truing device

22

16.

Set of tools and case

23

17.

The work bench

24

18.

Hook tool

28

19.

Parting tool

28

20.

Knife tool

28

21.

Right-hand side tool

28

22.

Internal tool

28

23.

Left-hand side tool

28

24.

Tool for wrought iron

29

25.

Tool for cast iron

29

26.

End view of drill

31

27.

Side view of drill

31

28.

Hack-saw frame

35

29.

Hack-saw blade

35

30.

Plain hook tool

38

31.

Plain straight tool

38

32.

Proper angles for tools

39

33.

Angles for tools

39

p. x

34.

Angles for tools

39

35.

Set of the bitt

40

36.

Correct angle

41

37.

Wrong angle

41

38.

Too low

42

39.

Improper set

42

40.

Internal set

43

41.

Set for brass

43

42.

Surface gage

44

43.

Uses of surface gage

46

44.

Rounded surface

49

45.

Winding surface

49

46.

Hexagon nut

51

47.

Laying off hexagon nut

51

48.

Cutting key-way

52

49.

Key-seat rule

54

50.

Filing metal round

54

51.

Filing metal round

54

52.

Making a round bearing

55

53.

Making a round bearing

55

54.

Cross section of file

56

55.

Files

58

56.

Correct file movement

59

57.

Incorrect file movement

60

58.

Belt lacing

69

59.

Belt lacing

69

60.

Belt lacing

69

61.

Belt lacing

69

62.

Bevel gears

71

63.

Miter gears

71

64.

Crown wheel

71

65.

Grooved friction gears

71

66.

Valve

71

67.

Cone pulleys

71

68.

Universal joint

71

69.

Trammel

73

70.

Escapement

73

71.

Device for holding wheel

73

p. xi

72.

Rack and pinion

73

73.

Mutilated gears

73

74.

Shaft coupling

73

75.

Clutches

75

76.

Ball and socket joints

75

77.

Fastening ball

75

78.

Tripping devices

75

79.

Anchor bolt

75

80.

Lazy tongs

75

81.

Disc shears

75

82.

Wabble saw

76

83.

Continuous crank motion

76

84.

Continues feed

76

85.

Crank motion

76

86.

Ratchet head

76

87.

Bench clamp

76

88.

Helico-volute spring

77

89.

Double helico-volute

77

90.

Helical spring

77

91.

Single volute-helix

77

92.

Flat spiral or convolute

77

93.

Eccentric rod or strap

77

94.

Anti dead-centers for lathes

77

95.

Plain circle

95

96.

Ring

96

97.

Raised surface

96

98.

Sphere

96

99.

Depressed surface

96

100.

Concave

97

101.

Forms of cubical outlines

98

102.

Forms of cubical outlines

98

103.

Forms of cubical outlines

98

104.

Forms of cubical outlines

98

105.

Shading edges

99

106.

Shading edges

99

107.

Illustrating heavy lines

100

108.

Illustrating heavy lines

100

109.

Lines on plain surfaces

101

p. xii

110.

Lines on plain surfaces

101

111.

Illustrating degrees

102

112.

Section lining

103

113.

Drawing an ellipse

104

114.

Perspective at angles

106

115.

Perspective of cube

107

116.

Perspective of cube

107

117.

Perspective of cube

107

118.

Protractor

108

119.

Using the protractor

109

120.

Section-lining metals

110

121.

Spur gears

122

122.

Miter gear pitch

123

123.

Bevel gears

124

124.

Laying of miter gears

125

125.

Sprocket wheel

128

126.

Simple lever

129

127.

Lever action

130

128.

The pulley

132

129.

Change of direction

133

130.

Change of direction

133

131.

Steam pressure

135

132.

Water pressure

135

133.

Prony brake

141

134.

Speed indicator

142