Gustav Gurschner (1873-1971) -
Austrian sculpture and craftsman.
Gurschner studied at the Vienna school of arts and crafts from 1888-1894 and in Munich in 1896, before moving to Paris in 1897 and attaching himself to the Art Nouveau artists – Alexander Charpentier (1856-1909), Jean-Auguste Dampt (1854-1946) and Ville Vallgren.
Gurschner showed his works in numerous exhibitions: he took part regularly in the Salon Du Champ De Mars in Paris and after its foundation in 1897, in the exhibition by the Vienna Secession.
In 1900 he became a member of the Hagenbund, showing two marble sculptures in its opening exhibition, while at the 1902 Turin International Exhibition of decorative modern art his works were to be seen in no less than 3 pavilions – the Austrian, the German and the French.
He restricted himself wholly to sculpture in particular for tombs and monuments.
Helena Rubinstein (December 25, 1870 – April 1, 1965)
Polish cosmetics industrialist, founder and eponym of Helena Rubinstein, Incorporated, which made her one of the world's richest women.
She was born Chaja Rubinstein, the eldest of eight children, to Augusta Gitte (Gitel) Scheindel Silberfeld Rubinstein and Naftali Herz Horace Rubinstein; he was a shopkeeper in Kraków.
For a short time, she studied medicine in Switzerland.
In 1902, she moved to Australia, opened a shop there a year later, and changed her forename to Helena.
She mixed so-called medical formulas and ointments that she claimed were imported from the Carpathian Mountains.
They were, in truth, concocted from an impure form of lanolin whose odor was disguised with scents of lavender, pine bark and water lilies.
Rubinstein formed one of the world’s first cosmetic companies.
Her business enterprise proved immensely successful and later in life she used her enormous wealth to support charitable institutions in the fields of education, art and health.
Diminutive at 4 ft. 10 in. (147 cm), she rapidly expanded her operation.
In 1908, her sister Ceska assumed the Melbourne shop's operation, when, with $100,000, Rubinstein moved to London and began what was to become an international enterprise. (Women at this time could not obtain bank loans, so the money was her own.)
Marriage and children-
In 1908, she married American journalist Edward William Titus in London.
They had two sons, Roy Valentine Titus (London, December 12, 1909–New York, June 18, 1989) and Horace Titus (London, April 23, 1912–New York, May 18, 1958).
They eventually moved to Paris where she opened a salon in 1912.
Her husband helped with writing the publicity and set up a small publishing house, published Lady Chatterley's Lover and hired Samuel Putnam to translate famous model Kiki's memoirs.
Rubenstein threw lavish dinner parties and became known for apocryphal quips, such as when an intoxicated French ambassador expressed vitriol toward Edith Sitwell and her brother Sacheverell: “Vos ancêtres ont brûlé Jeanne d’Arc!” (“What did he say?)," Rubinstein, who knew little French, asked a guest. “He said, ‘Your ancestors burned Joan of Arc.’ ” Rubinstein replied, "Well, someone had to do it."
At another fête, Marcel Proust asked her what makeup a duchess might wear. She summarily dismissed him because "he smelt of mothballs." Rubenstein recollected later, "How was I to know he was going to be famous?"
Move to the United States -
At the outbreak of World War I, she and Titus moved to New York City, where she opened a cosmetics salon in 1915, the forerunner of a chain throughout the country.
This was the beginning of her vicious rivalry with the other great lady of the cosmetics industry, Elizabeth Arden.
Both Rubinstein and Arden, who died within 18 months of each other, were social climbers. And they were both keenly aware of effective marketing and luxurious packaging, the attraction of beauticians in neat uniforms, the value of celebrity endorsements, the perceived value of overpricing and the promotion of the pseudo-science of skincare.
From 1917, Rubinstein took on the manufacturing and wholesale distribution of her products. The "Day of Beauty" in the various salons became a great success. The purported portrait of Rubinstein in her advertising was of a middle-age mannequin with a gentile appearance.
In 1928, she sold the American business to Lehman Brothers for $7.3 million, ($88 million in 2007). After the arrival of the Great Depression, she bought back the nearly worthless stock for less than $1 million and eventually turned the shares into values of multimillion dollars, establishing salons and outlets in almost a dozen U.S. cities. Her subsequent spa at 715 Fifth Avenue included a restaurant, a gymnasium and rugs by painter Joan Miró. She commissioned Salvador Dalí to design a powder compact as well a portrait of herself.
Divorce and remarriage -
In 1937, Rubinstein divorced Titus after a contentious marriage marked by his infidelities.
Freed of her former marriage vows, in 1938 Helena readily married Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia (1895-1955), whose somewhat clouded materlineal claim to Georgian nobility, as that of Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia (sometimes spelled Courielli-Tchkonia; born at Georgia, Russia, 18 February 1895, died at New York City 21 November 1955), stemmed from his having been born a member of the untitled noble Tchkonia family of Guria, enticing the ambitious young man to appropriate the genuine title of his grandmother, born Princess Gourielli.
Self-styled Prince Artchil Gourielli-Tchkonia, was 23-years younger than Rubinstein. Eager for a regal title to call her own, Rubinstein pursued the handsome youth avidly; coming to name a male cosmetics line after her youthful prized catch. Some have claimed that the marriage was a marketing ploy, including Rubinstein's being able to pass herself off as Helena Princess Gourielli .
A multimillionaire of contrasts, Rubinstein took a bag lunch to work and was very frugal in many matters but bought top-fashion clothing and valuable fine art and furniture. Concerning art, she founded the respectable Helena Rubinstein Pavilion of Contemporary Art in Tel Aviv. In 1953, she established the philanthropic Helena Rubinstein Foundation to provide funds to organizations specializing in health, medical research and rehabilitation as well as to the America-Israel Cultural Foundation and scholarships to Israelis.
In 1959, Rubinstein represented the U.S. cosmetics industry at the American National Exhibition in Moscow.
Called "Madame" by her employees, she eschewed idle chatter, continued to be active in the corporation throughout her life, even from her sick bed, and staffed the company with her relatives.
Death and afterward -
Some of her estate including African and fine art, Lucite furniture, and overwrought Victorian furniture upholstered in purple was auctioned in 1966 at the Park-Bernet Galleries in New York.
One of Rubinstein's numerous mantras is: "There are no ugly women, only lazy ones."A scholarly study of her exclusive beauty salons and how they blurred and influenced the conceptual boundaries at the time among fashion, art galleries, the domestic interior and versions of modernism is explored by Marie J. Clifford (Winterthur Portfolio, vol. 38). A feature-length documentary film, The Powder and the Glory (2009) by Ann Carol Grossman and Arnie Reisman, details the rivalry between Rubenstein and Elizabeth Arden.
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